[top]Disease Information
12 August 2005
Vol. 18 - No. 32Contents
WHITE SPOT DISEASE IN BRAZIL
Follow-up report No. 1Translation of information received on 4 August 2005 from Dr Jorge Caetano Junior, Director, Department of Animal Protection (DDA), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Brasilia:
End of previous report period: 20 January 2005 (see Disease Information, 18 [3], 30, dated 21 January 2005).
End of this report period: 4 August 2005.
Date of first confirmation of the event: 14 January 2005.
Date of start of the event: 10 December 2004.
Affected species: white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).
Clinical disease: yes.
Nature of diagnosis: advanced laboratory tests.
Details of new occurrence:
First administrative division Lower administrative division Type of epide-miolo-gical unit Name of the location Latitude Longitude Date of start of the occurrence Ceará Aracati pond Canavieira 4º 33’ 41.76’’ S 37º 46’ 15.0’’ W 7 February 2005
Species Morbidity rate Mortality rate Number of animals in the occurrence susceptible cases deaths destroyed slaughtered cru ... 40% 5,600,000 ... 2,240,000 ... ... Description of affected population in the new occurrence: marine-farmed shrimps (semi-closed farming system).
Diagnosis: samples were submitted to the OIE Reference Laboratory in order to confirm the positive results obtained at the National Reference Laboratory. Since then, the farm has been under surveillance and control. The finding is linked to the shrimp deaths observed by the farmer in February 2005.
Laboratories where diagnosis was made No. of animals examined Diagnostic tests used Date Results Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States of America (OIE Reference Laboratory for white spot disease) 3 samples (pools of pleopods) ’nested’ PCR(2) (primers 146F1/R1, F2/R2) 1 Aug. 2005 positive ’nested’ PCR (primers RR2-1/2, 3/4) 1 Aug. 2005 positive ’nested’ PCR (primers VP28-1/2, 3/4) 1 Aug. 2005 positive Source of occurrences: unknown or inconclusive.
Control measures:
A. Undertaken:
- tracing forward;
- tracing back;
- surveillance within containment and/or buffer zone;
- surveillance outside containment and/or buffer zone;
- decontamination of premises/disinfection;
- within-country movement controls.
B. To be undertaken: official destruction of clinically diseased aquatic animals.
Treatment of infected animals: no.
Other details/comments: all the 11 crustacean farms in the perifocal area were placed under monitoring and surveillance.
(1) LANAGRO/RS: Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário / Rio Grande do Sul
(2) PCR: polymerase chain reaction
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* *HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA IN THAILAND
Follow-up report No. 63See also: 16 November 2006, 3 August 2006, 27 July 2006, 6 April 2006, 16 February 2006, 2 February 2006, 26 January 2006, 19 January 2006, 12 January 2006, 23 December 2005, 16 December 2005, 9 December 2005, 2 December 2005, 25 November 2005, 18 November 2005, 4 November 2005, 28 October 2005, 21 October 2005, 14 October 2005, 7 October 2005, 30 September 2005, 23 September 2005, 16 September 2005, 9 September 2005, 2 September 2005, 26 August 2005, 19 August 2005, 29 July 2005, 22 July 2005, 15 July 2005
Information received on 5 and 11 August 2005 from Dr Yukol Limlamthong, Director General, Department of Livestock Development (DLD), Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok:
End of previous report period: 28 July 2005 (see Disease Information, 18 [30], 227, dated 29 July 2005).
End of this report period: 11 August 2005.
Date of first confirmation of the event: 23 January 2004.
Nature of diagnosis: clinical, post-mortem and laboratory.
Details of new outbreaks:
First administrative division (province) Lower administrative division Type of epide-miolo-gical unit Name of the location Date of start of the outbreak Spe-cies Number of animals in the outbreaks susceptible cases deaths destroyed slaugh-tered Chainat HanKa, HanKa village village No. 5 18 July 2005 avi 1,742* ... ... 1,742 0 Suphanburi DonKumyan, Muang village village No. 3 31 July 2005 avi 96,000** 3,310 3,310 92,690 0 Suphanburi BanPoh, Muang village village No. 2 2 August 2005 avi 50,000** 490 490 49,510 0 * layer ducks; ** partridges.
Description of affected population in the new outbreaks: layer ducks raised in a traditional Thai system (free range or with minimal biosecurity) and partridges raised with a poor biosecurity system.
Diagnosis:
Laboratories where diagnosis was made Diagnostic tests used Results National Institute of Animal Health and Regional Veterinary Research and Development Centres, DLD - agar-gel precipitation test;
- haemagglutination test;
- pathogen isolation by egg inoculation;
- intracerebral pathogenicity index test.
positive Source of new outbreaks: unknown or inconclusive.
Control measures undertaken:
- stamping out;
- quarantine;
- movement control inside the country;
- screening;
- zoning;
- disinfection of infected premises/establishments.
Vaccination prohibited: yes.
Other details/comments: the case findings resulted from the second nationwide active surveillance campaign. The purpose of this surveillance is to evaluate the present status of highly pathogenic avian influenza after the second wave of outbreaks (between 3 July 2004 and 12 April 2005).
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* *AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN NIGERIA
Immediate notification report
Information received on 5 August 2005 from Dr Foluso Emman Fasanmi, Director of the Department of Livestock and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Abuja:
Report date: 28 July 2005.
Reason for immediate notification: re-occurrence of a listed disease or infection in a country or zone/compartment following a report declaring the outbreak(s) ended.
Date of start of the event: 1 July 2005.
Nature of diagnosis: clinical and laboratory.
Details of outbreaks:
First administrative division (State) Lower administrative division (Local Government Area) Type of epidemiological unit Ogun Abeokuta farm
Name of the location Latitude Longitude Date of start of the outbreak Species Number of animals in the outbreaks susceptible cases deaths destroyed slaugh-tered University farm 7º 13.558" N 3º 25.422" E 1 July 2005 sui 99 40 32 ... ... Fajol area 7º 11.080" N 3º 23.478" E 1 July 2005 sui 30 ... ... ... ... Olarunshogo 7º 09.283"N 3º 22.144" E 1 July 2005 sui 100 ... 33 ... ... Description of affected population: all age categories and both sexes are affected. Deaths have been reported mainly in adults. The pigs at the University farm are kept under an intensive system of management, while those in the other two affected farms are given water from a communal spring.
Diagnosis:
Laboratories where diagnosis was made Diagnostic tests used Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan preliminary examination central laboratory of the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom advanced laboratory tests in progress Source of outbreaks or origin of infection: fomites (humans, vehicles, feed, etc.). It is thought that the infection may have spread into the country from Benin, which shares a border with the affected state. This was the source of a previous introduction of the infection into Nigeria. However, a detailed investigation is being carried out. Efforts are being made to limit the spread of the infection in the country.
Control measures
A. Undertaken:
- partial stamping out;
- quarantine;
- disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s);
- regular radio broadcasts are being made to alert pig farmers and advise them on appropriate preventive measures.
B. To be undertaken:
- stamping out;
- movement control inside the country.
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* *NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM/GREAT BRITAIN
Follow-up report No. 2See also: 30 November 2006, 23 November 2006, 16 November 2006, 9 November 2006, 2 November 2006, 26 October 2006, 19 October 2006, 26 January 2006, 26 August 2005, 19 August 2005, 29 July 2005, 22 July 2005
Information received on 5 August 2005 from Dr Debby Reynolds, Director General for Animal Health and Welfare, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London:
End of previous report period: 29 July 2005 (see Disease Information, 18 [30], 214, dated 29 July 2005).
End of this report period: 5 August 2005.
The origin of the Newcastle disease outbreak reported in pheasants in West Horsley was a legal movement of animals.
A surveillance zone with movement controls remains in place. No birds were ever moved off the affected premises and tracing of routes of indirect transmission by the movement of vehicles, people and things has been completed with negative results.
From the active surveillance in the restricted area, including laboratory sampling to date, it appears that this was a single isolated outbreak that has been effectively contained. Active surveillance continues.
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* *HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA IN MONGOLIA
in migratory birdsSee also: 2 September 2005, 19 August 2005
Emergency report
Information received on 8 and 10 August 2005 from Dr Ravdan Sanjaatogtokh, Director, State Veterinary Services, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ulaanbaatar:
Report date: 10 August 2005.
Nature of diagnosis: clinical and laboratory.
Date of initial detection of animal health incident: an emergency report was received from the field on 2 August 2005. Laboratory diagnosis was made on 7 and 9 August.
Location of the outbreaks:
- Erhel lake, Alag-Ederne county, Huvsgel province (in the northern part of the country);
- Khunt lake, Saikhan county, Bulgan province (in the northern part of the country).
Description of affected populations: wild ducks, geese and swans (migratory birds).
Number of birds found dead:
- Erhel lake: 80 birds;
- Khunt lake: 9 birds.
Diagnosis:
A. Laboratory where diagnosis was made: Central Veterinary Laboratory.
B. Diagnostic tests used: immunomembrane filter assay to detect influenza A or B antigens and RT-PCR(1).
C. Causal agent: avian influenza virus type A. Subtyping is in progress.
Control measures:
- quarantine;
- destruction of dead birds;
- disinfection.
(1) RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction
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* *NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN ISRAEL
Follow-up report No. 1See also: 4 November 2005, 28 October 2005, 28 October 2005, 14 October 2005, 16 September 2005, 2 September 2005, 29 July 2005
Information received on 8 August 2005 from Dr Moshe Chaimovitz, Director of Veterinary and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit-Dagan:
End of previous report period: 24 July 2005 (see Disease Information, 18 [30], 217, dated 29 July 2005).
End of this report period: 7 August 2005.
Date of first confirmation of the event: 17 July 2005.
Date of start of the event: 13 July 2005.
Nature of diagnosis: clinical, post-mortem and laboratory.
To date, the results of screening in Acco district, where the previous outbreak occurred, have been negative. Movement controls are still in force.
A new outbreak of Newcastle disease has been reported in HaSharon district.
Details of new outbreak:
First administrative division Lower administrative division Type of epide-miolo-gical unit Name of the location Date of start of the outbreak Spe-cies Number of animals in the outbreak susceptible cases deaths destroyed slaugh-tered region of Hamerkaz HaSharon district village Bet Halewi 28 July 2005 avi 35,000 1,000 200 34,800 0 Description of affected population: a flock unit of 12-week-old meat turkey.
Diagnosis:
Laboratories where diagnosis was made Diagnostic tests used Date Results Kimron Veterinary Institute haemagglutination inhibition test 3 August 2005 positive pathogen isolation by egg inoculation 3 August 2005 positive PCR(1) 4 August 2005 positive intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) test in progress pending Source of outbreak or origin of infection: unknown or inconclusive.
Control measures undertaken:
- the flock was destroyed on 6 August 2005;
- all poultry holdings in the three villages within a radius of 3 km of the outbreak were checked serologically and/or clinically for Newcastle disease;
- orders were issued to the owners of all poultry and other avian species within a radius of 10 km to perform an immediate booster vaccination (using live vaccine by spray - VH strain ICPI 0.15);
- disinfection of infected premises;
- movement control inside the country.
Newcastle vaccination is compulsory in Israel.
(1) PCR: polymerase chain reaction
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* *HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA IN RUSSIA
Additional informationSee also: 30 December 2005, 21 October 2005, 14 October 2005, 26 August 2005, 5 August 2005, 29 July 2005
Translation of information received on 5 August 2005 from Dr Evgueny A. Nepoklonov, Head of the Main Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Moscow:
Report date: 5 August 2005.
Structure of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes
of influenza virus isolates from Novosibirsk regionElectrophoregram of the amplification products
Identification of influenza virus type A subtype N1, using primers recommended by WHO(1)Information provided by the All-Russia State Scientific Research Institute for Monitoring,
Standardisation and Certification of Veterinary Preparations (FGU VGNKI)M marker
OK negative control RNA extraction
N2 H5N2 strain cDNA
K- PCR(2) negative control
K+N1 PCR positive control (H1N1 strain cDNA)
Sample No. 1 - homogenate of internal organs (spleen, trachea, lungs, brain) from two domestic ducks from the private sector, Kopkul village, Kupino district, Novosibirsk region;
Sample No. 2 - homogenate of internal organs (spleen, trachea, lungs, brain) from a domestic duck from the private sector, Kopkul village, Kupino district, Novosibirsk region;
Sample No. 3 - homogenate of internal organs (spleen, trachea, lungs, brain) from a wild duck from Suzdalka village, Dovolnoye district, Novosibirsk region;
Sample No. 4 - homogenate of internal organs (spleen, trachea, lungs, brain) from a goose from the private sector from Suzdalka village, Dovolnoye district, Novosibirsk region;
Sample No. 5 - homogenate of internal organs (spleen, trachea, lungs, brain) from a chicken from the private sector from Suzdalka village, Dovolnoye district, Novosibirsk region.
According to the electrophoregram, the type A virus found in the samples of material is related to subtype H5N1.
For the confirmation of the PCR results, the amplified cDNA fragments (of two loci of the haemagglutinin gene and of the fragment of the neuraminidase gene) were sequenced. The results of the sequencing confirmed that the type A virus found in the samples of material is related to subtype H5N1.
In order to obtain additional information about the virulence of the isolates (by analysing the structure of the haemagglutinin cleavage site), these parts were amplified and the fragments of PCR sequenced. That research showed that the virus sequence is PQGERRRKKR/GL, which is analagous to the sequence of the highly virulent virus found in three species of migratory water birds during the epidemic in May/June on Qinghai Lake (People's Republic of China)(3).
The nucleotide sequences of the PCR fragments of two other parts of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase also showed the highest similarity with the nucleotide sequences of the isolates from infected mountain geese and gulls at the time of the above-mentioned epidemic.
Sequence data at the cleavage site for an isolate from a turkey from the village of Suzdalka, Dovolnoye district, Novosibirsk region
(Information provided by Vector, the State Scientific Centre for Virology and Biotechnology)According to the sequence data, the cleavage site structure is practically identical to that of the highly pathogenic strain of subtype H5N1 isolated in Hong Kong in 1997.
Phylogenetic tree constructed from fragment 640 of the nucleotides of the neuraminidase gene (referred to as Inf-n1) of the isolate (H5N1) from a turkey from Suzdalka, Novosibirsk region
(Information provided by Vector, the State Scientific Centre for Virology and Biotechnology)Explanation of codes in the chart according to GenBank data (the closest isolates are in bold):
AY300926 A/chukkar/MN/14591-7/98(H5N2)
AY300939 A/duck/NJ/117228-7/01(H5N2)
AY300941 A/duck/ME/151895-7A/02(H5N2)
AY300944 A/duck/NY/191255-79/02(H5N2)
AY300945 A/turkey/CA/D0208652-C/02(H5N2)
AY575890 A/Ck/HK/96.1/02 (H5N1)
AY585402 A/duck/Fujian/19/2000(H5N1)
AY651432 A/Ck/Indonesia/BL/2003(H5N1)
AY651433 A/Ck/Indonesia/PA/2003(H5N1)
AY651456 A/Dk/Viet Nam/11/2004(H5N1)
AY651467 A/Ck/HK/NT93/2003(H5N1)
AY651478 A/Ph/ST/44/2004(H5N1)
AY651484 A/Dk/YN/6445/2003(H5N1)
AY676044 A/duck/Korea/ESD1/03(H5N1)
AY728895 A/chicken/Viet Nam/HauGiang-617/2004(H5N1)
DQ095654 A/Great Black-headed Gull/Qinghai/2/05(H5N1)
DQ095663 A/Bar-headed Goose/Qinghai/67/05(H5N1)
AB189063 A/crow/Osaka/102/2004(H5N1)
DQ100565 A/great black-headed gull/Qinghai/1/2005(H5N1)
According to the phylogenetic tree, the preliminary data on the neuraminidase structure show that it is practically identical to that of the isolate from bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) from the Qinghai Lake region (People's Republic of China).
(1) WHO: World Health Organization
(2) PCR: polymerase chain reaction
(3) J. Liu, H. Xiao, F. Lei. et al. Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Migratory Birds. www.sciencexpress.org / 6 July 2005 / Page 1/ 10.1126/science.1115273
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* *HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA IN KAZAKHSTAN
Follow-up report No. 1See also: 30 September 2005, 5 August 2005
Translation of information received on 9 August 2005 from Dr Marat Mynzhanov, Director, Veterinary Surveillance Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Astana:
End of previous report period: 2 August 2005 (see Disease Information, 18 [31], 231, dated 5 August 2005).
End of this report period: 9 August 2005.
Precise identification of agent: influenza virus type A, subtype H5N1, highly pathogenic.
Date of first confirmation of the event: 29 July 2005.
Date of start of the event: 22 July 2005.
Additional tests were carried out on pathological material and sera taken from wildfowl and poultry from the infected farm.
Laboratories where diagnosis was made Species examined Pavlodar region branch of the Kazakhstan National Veterinary Laboratory avi
(geese)Scientific Research Institute for Agriculture avi
(geese)
Diagnostic tests used Date Results - virus isolation test on different cell cultures;
- virus isolation test on embryonated chicken eggs;
- inoculation of pathological material into birds of different species;
- haemagglutination inhibition test;
- neuraminidase activity inhibition test;
- post-mortem examination of poultry which died following inoculation of pathological material;
- electron microscopy examination of material after several passages;
- real-time PCR(1), with the participation of international experts;
- standard PCR.
8 August 2005 positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza type A subtipo H5N1 Control measures undertaken:
- control of wildlife reservoirs;
- stamping out;
- quarantine;
- movement control inside the country;
- screening;
- zoning;
- disinfection of infected premises/establishment.
(1) PCR: polymerase chain reaction
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* *HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA IN CHINA (PEOPLE'S REP. OF ~)
Follow-up report No. 2See also: 5 October 2006, 17 August 2006, 27 July 2006, 6 July 2006, 22 June 2006, 8 June 2006, 9 February 2006, 12 January 2006, 5 January 2006, 16 December 2005, 2 December 2005, 25 November 2005, 18 November 2005, 11 November 2005, 11 November 2005, 4 November 2005, 28 October 2005, 21 October 2005
Information received on 10 August 2005 from Mr Jia Youling, Director General, Veterinary Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing:
End of previous report period: 20 June 2005 (see Disease Information, 18 [25], 166, dated 24 June 2005).
End of this report period: 10 August 2005.
Precise identification of agent : highly pathogenic avian influenza virus type H5N1.
Date of first confirmation of the event: 7 June 2005.
Nature of diagnosis: clinical, post-mortem and laboratory.
Details of new outbreak:
First administrative division Lower administrative division Type of epide-miolo-gical unit Date of start of the outbreak Spe-cies Number of animals in the outbreak susceptible cases deaths destroyed slaugh-tered Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa farm 1 August 2005 avi 2,608 133 133 2,475 0 Description of affected population: breeding hens.
Diagnosis:
Laboratories where diagnosis was made Diagnostic tests used Date Results General Station of Animal Epidemics Prevention and Surveillance, Lhasa haemagglutination inhibition test 4 August 2005 positive National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences RT-PCR(1) 10 August 2005 positive intravenous pathogenicity index test 10 August 2005 positive (high pathogenicity) Source of new outbreak: unknown or inconclusive.
Control measures undertaken:
- stamping out;
- quarantine;
- movement control inside the country;
- screening;
- zoning;
- vaccination;
- disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s).
- dipping/spraying.
Vaccination in response to the outbreak:
First administrative division Species Total number of vaccinated animals Details of the vaccine Tibet Autonomous Region avi ... monovalent inactivated vaccine against subtype H5N2 Treatment of affected animals: no.
(1) RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction
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* *MISCELLANEOUS: WEST NILE FEVER IN ISRAEL
Information received on 11 August 2005 from Dr Moshe Chaimovitz, Director of Veterinary and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit-Dagan:
Report date: 11 August 2005.
Human cases of West Nile encephalitis were reported in Israel in July 2005.
On 3 July 2005, a dead falcon was found in a yard in Rishon Leziyyon city, Rehovot district, HaMerkaz region. RT-PCR(1) was performed on the brain and gave a suspect result. Efforts are underway to isolate the virus.
On 12 July 2005, an owl died in Ramat Gan zoo, Tel Aviv, without clinical signs. RT-PCR was performed on the brain and gave a positive result. Sequencing showed a 98% similarity with old world strains (PaAn001, Vlg00). Virus isolation in embryonated eggs was positive. Seven serum samples from clinically healthy ostriches in the above-mentioned zoo were tested by virus neutralisation test (VNT). Six were positive, with titres between 1/80 and 1/320.
West Nile fever was diagnosed for the first time in Israel in 1997 in migratory birds and in three goose farms. Additional outbreaks of the disease were reported in 1998, 1999 and 2000 (see table) and no outbreaks have been reported since that time in birds.
Year Number of outbreaks Number of affected farms 1998 11 15 1999 7 10 2000 5 7 (1) RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction
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