69 SG/12/CS3 D
Original: English
April 2001
OIE/FAO INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
ON FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Paris, 17–18 April 2001
_______
An OIE/FAO International Scientific Conference on foot and mouth disease (FMD) was held at the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) headquarters from 17 to 18 April 2001.
The Members of the OIE FMD and Other Epizootics Commission and the International Animal Health Code Commission, the Presidents of the OIE Regional Commissions, the Experts of the OIE FMD Reference Laboratories, as well as Senior Staff of the FAO Animal Health Services and the OIE Central Bureau participated at the Conference.
The OIE Regional Coordinators and the Head of the Regional Coordination Unit for the South-East Asia FMD Programme, Observers from Member Countries and intergovernmental organisations also attended the Conference.
Dr Tony Garland, Consultant FAO-EMPRES, was appointed Rapporteur.
The Agenda and List of Participants are given at Appendices I and II, respectively.
Dr Romano Marabelli, President of the OIE and Dr Bernard Vallat, Director General of the OIE welcomed the participants and thanked Delegations and Representatives of Member Countries for attending the Conference. The opening addresses of Dr Marabelli and Dr Vallat were followed by further words of welcome from Dr Yves Cheneau, Chief of the FAO Animal Health Service. Both Dr Vallat and Dr Cheneau wished the Conference every success. The three opening speeches are at Appendices III and IV.
Dr James Pearson, Head, OIE Scientific and Technical Department, presented the Conference Objective and the Conference Agenda. The Agenda was approved by the participants. Each session was presided over by a Chairperson and a Rapporteur, who lead the discussion on each of the listed Agenda items. The recommendations developed during the meeting were discussed, modified as needed, and approved by the Conference participants. The final recommendations of the Conference are listed below.

Conference objective:
To consider current foot and mouth disease issues and draft science-based recommendations and resolutions, addressed to the Member Countries of the OIE and FAO, to be presented to the International Committee of the OIE at its May 2001 General Session and to the Governing Bodies of the FAO.

Recommendations
of the OIE/FAO International Scientific Conference
on Foot and Mouth Disease
Recommendation No. 1
Review the following definitions in foot and mouth disease Chapter
of the OIE International Animal Health Code:
a) The criteria for the declaration of an outbreak
b) Freedom from disease or freedom from infection
CONSIDERING THAT
In the OIE International Animal Health Code (the Code), Chapter 1.1.1. General definitions, an ‘infected zone’ is defined as an area ‘in which a disease included in this Code has been diagnosed’ and the definition of an ‘outbreak’ is restricted to an ‘Outbreak of Disease’. Neither of these definitions covers subclinical infection
The inclusion of subclinical infection in these definitions is important for disease control and trade
In Code Chapter 2.1.1. Foot and mouth disease (FMD), only two categories for freedom from FMD are recognised, namely: ‘FMD free where vaccination is practised’ and ‘FMD free where vaccination is not practised’
Vaccinated animals can become subclinically infected or develop a carrier state
The OIE FMD and Other Epizootics Commission has proposed changes to Chapter 2.1.1. of the Code to address FMD infection
THIS CONFERENCE RECOMMENDS THAT
1.	The relevant chapters of the Code be amended to include a definition of FMD infection, encompassing the category of subclinical infection.
2.	The OIE FMD and Other Epizootics Commission and the OIE International Animal Health Code Commission finalise the proposed changes to Chapter 2.1.1. of the Code to redefine ‘freedom from FMD’ as ‘freedom from FMD infection’.
3.	The FMD and Other Epizootics Commission of the OIE define the surveillance standards required to verify the status of ‘Freedom from FMD Infection’.
_______________

Recommendation No. 2
Emergency foot and mouth disease control methods:
a) Stamping-out/restriction of animal movements
CONSIDERING THAT
The speed and extent of spread of outbreaks of the Pan-Asian strain of type O FMD in certain European countries during 2001 has been unprecedented
The spread of FMD virus within newly infected countries during the European outbreaks of 2001 occurred mainly through the movement of subclinically infected animals, and principally of sheep, and via contact with contaminated vehicles used for the transport of these animals
The exact initial mode of FMD contamination has not always been identified, but vehicles, markets, and other places where animals are collected have played a major role in the spread of the disease
There is increasing evidence from North Africa, the Middle East and Europe to suggest that subclinically infected sheep are a factor of major significance in the transmission and spread of FMD, both within and between countries and over long distances
The safe and timely disposal of large numbers of carcasses constitutes a serious impediment to the implementation of a successful stamping-out policy
There is currently insufficient evidence of alternative options to rendering, burning and burial for large-scale disposal of carcasses
National veterinary authorities should negotiate in advance with the environmental authorities as to the availability of options for carcass disposal for use in different areas of the country
International trade and movements of live animals and certain animal products are the main route of the international diffusion of FMD virus and other diseases
Early suspicion, recognition and laboratory diagnosis of FMD is essential for efficient control
Countries that are FMD free where vaccination is practised need a sensitive and specific test that can identify infection in vaccinated animals
There is a requirement for the establishment of the validity and suitability of serological tests for the detection and quantification of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of FMD virus and also for guidance on their use in surveillance to assist in the definition of the FMD status of a country/zone following implementation of a stamping-out policy
The imposition of restrictions on the movement of species that are not susceptible to FMD, and particularly of Equidae, beyond the existing provisions of Chapter 2.1.1. of the OIE Code has posed problems for several Member Countries
THIS CONFERENCE RECOMMENDS THAT
1.	Member countries recognise the emergence of new and/or increasing risks to animal health including: changes to the livestock industry; increased movement of people, product and livestock; illicit traffic; and other factors predisposing to disease. Accordingly, Member Countries should undertake risk analyses and ensure that the risks are communicated to the relevant authorities and other sectors.
2.	Countries engaged in international trade recognise the increased risk and impact of the occurrence of FMD and review their legislation, contingency planning, emergency preparedness, prevention measures and the availability of resources to ensure their adequacy.
3.	Member Countries define the roles of their Veterinary Services and recognise that a national crisis planning exercise may be necessary, involving other agencies, for the effective management of a major FMD emergency.
4.	The Director General of the OIE set up an ad hoc group of specialists to examine the problem of the safe and timely disposal of carcasses arising from the enforcement of a stamping-out policy, and to recommend international guidelines for this purpose.
5.	Member countries free of FMD establish procedures for the immediate restriction of markets, gatherings of animals and transportation of susceptible species throughout the country, when the veterinary authorities first confirm the presence of FMD.
6.	Member Countries establish equipment, facilities and procedures for the effective disinfection of all relevant modes of transport used for the movement of animals and animal products, including as appropriate both the exterior surfaces and the interior transport compartment(s), both before and after their use for these purposes.
7.	The OIE Standards Commission evaluate the validity of tests for the detection and quantification of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of FMD virus and their suitability for monitoring and surveillance programmes and prepare guidelines for their application.
8.	The OIE FMD and Other Epizootics Commission evaluate the risk of transmission of FMD by the movement of Equidae and develop appropriate guidelines for consideration by the OIE International Animal Health Code Commission.
_______________

Recommendation No. 2
Emergency foot and mouth disease control methods:
b) Criteria for the use of vaccination in livestock
CONSIDERING THAT
FMD vaccines should comply with internationally recognised pharmacopoeia standards
Emergency FMD vaccination is not fully addressed in the OIE Code
National circumstances may alter the objectives and the available options for the control of FMD
THIS CONFERENCE RECOMMENDS THAT
1.	The use of FMD vaccines that comply with the criteria defined in the OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines be strongly encouraged, and the use of live FMD vaccines be strongly discouraged.
2.	The definition, conditions of application and the consequences of emergency vaccination against FMD be considered and finalised for inclusion in the OIE Guidelines.
_______________

Recommendation No. 2
Emergency foot and mouth disease control methods:
c) Protection against FMD, including by the use of vaccination in special cases
(e.g. zoos, wildlife parks, rare breeds, rare genetic material, endangered species,
animals in special research programmes)
CONSIDERING THAT
Certain rare and/or valuable animals and genetic resources are susceptible to foot and mouth disease
Member Countries have an obligation to conserve endangered species and in particular those covered by The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
In the case of a foot and mouth disease outbreak in a country/zone previously free of FMD, every measure should be taken to prevent the exposure of such animals to the virus
When the veterinary authorities consider that the risk of FMD infection appears imminent, vaccination is one measure that might be considered for the protection of such animals
In general, available FMD vaccines protect animals against the development of clinical disease, but do not protect them against the acquisition of infection
There is little scientific information available on the effects of FMD vaccination in wildlife species
Chapter 2.1.1., Article 2.1.1.6. of the OIE Code requires that, in order to regain the status of an ‘FMD free country/zone where vaccination is not practised’, either such vaccinated animals would have to be destroyed or a waiting period of at least 12 months would have to elapse
THIS CONFERENCE RECOMMENDS THAT
1.	Member Countries ensure their national contingency plans against FMD include specific provision for the protection of such animals and materials.
2.	The OIE consider the applicability of implementing compartmentalisation for the control of FMD and other transboundary diseases.
3.	Chapter 2.1.1., Article 2.1.1.6. of the Code be modified, where appropriate, to allow for emergency vaccination of certain rare or valuable animals to be permitted without prejudice to the FMD free without vaccination status of the country/zone, provided that such vaccinated animals are individually identified and are maintained in a location that has physical barriers and where zoosanitary procedures are applied that are adequate to prevent contact with any susceptible animals that may be situated beyond the confines of the location, and that measures are in place that would prevent the spread of infection by fomites. This location could be considered as an ‘FMD free zone where vaccination is practised’, where all the attendant Code restrictions will apply to the vaccinated animals, their progeny, embryos, ova and semen and other products derived from these animals.
4.	In respect of zoological collections, stakeholders should consider the funding of research into the efficacy of vaccines in non-domesticated ruminants and other species and the application of diagnostic tests in such species.
_______________

Recommendation No. 3
Risk of FMD transmission due to trade in commercial products
and the illegal carriage of animal products by international travellers
CONSIDERING THAT
The recent introduction of the Pan-Asian strain of type O FMD virus into new territories and countries, as into South Africa and Europe, is likely to have been through the feeding of contaminated swill or contact with contaminated fomites
Certain commodities of animal origin (e.g. sausages, sausage casings and intestines) are traded internationally and some are carried by travellers without adequate precautions against their potential spread of the FMD virus
Some Member Countries have recently imposed restrictions on some products that are more stringent than those currently prescribed in Chapter 2.1.1 of the OIE Code
THIS CONFERENCE RECOMMENDS THAT
1.	Member Countries re-evaluate their legislation and enforcement practices to minimise the risk of the introduction of FMD and other infections through swill feeding.
2.	Member Countries strengthen measures to control the illegal carriage of animal products by international travellers.
3.	The OIE International Animal Health Code Commission in association with the OIE FMD and other Epizootic Commission develop standards for the importation of commodities that are not currently listed in the Code Chapter 2.1.1., Articles 2.1.1.8. and 2.1.1.28., such as sausage casings and other offal.
4.	Member Countries apply the standards of the OIE Code, unless there is scientific justification for more or less stringent restrictions. If such scientific evidence does exist, it should be brought promptly to the attention of the Director General of OIE, who will ask the specialist Commission to assess the information provided.
_______________

Recommendation No. 4
Research needed to better prevent, control and eradicate foot and mouth disease
CONSIDERING THAT
Changes in farming and trading practices have exacerbated the distribution and severity of recent FMD outbreaks in previously FMD free countries
The role of subclinically infected animals and contaminated commodities is prominent in the dissemination of FMD
Molecular biology and immunological techniques have proved invaluable in the characterisation of FMD virus strains and the tracing of FMD infections
Current test systems for the surveillance and detection of FMD infection in individual animals and commodities pose some serious deficiencies
Currently available vaccines and vaccination systems have limitations
The slaughter of animals and disposal of carcasses pose logistical, welfare, environmental and social problems
There is little specific data on the certain risks of transmission of FMD infection by animal and animal products; particularly those derived from vaccinated animals
THIS CONFERENCE RECOMMENDS THAT
Research should be encouraged in the following domains:
1.	Early detection systems including robust, pen-side diagnostic tests for use on live animals, and commodities, such as IgA, IgM detection, preclinical and subclinical diagnosis based on antigen/viral relevant genomic or immunological methods.
2.	Surveillance systems
	Development of practical and statistically based sampling programmes.
	Development and validation of serological tests that are applicable to a wide variety of livestock and wildlife susceptible to FMD virus. Of particular and immediate need are the serological tests to differentiate infection from vaccinal immunity, to establish that herds are free of FMD infection, and to develop assay systems that can be reliable for individual animal certification. Critical to accomplishing this task is the acquisition of standard reference sera.
	Establishment of antigen profiles against well described polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to better appreciate and anticipate vaccine protection and relevant viruses around the world. (To achieve the creation of antigen banks, Member Countries are urged to submit virus samples to a reference laboratory on a regular basis.)
3.	Vaccines that, ideally, encompass some or all of the following improved characteristics over currently available vaccines:
	Readily affordable; easily applied; induce a broad spectrum of antigenic coverage (cross serotype and strain), engender rapid onset and long duration of immunity; engender protection of the oropharynx against the acquisition of persistent infection.
	Induce vaccinal antibody response(s) that can readily be distinguished from that (those) due to infection.
	Avoid requirements for refrigerated conservation.
	Can be combined with a proven antiviral drug, without modifying efficacy, and protect against viral infection.
In addition the following activities are encouraged
	Marker-type vaccine development and companion diagnostic tests.
	Development of vaccines that do not engender antibodies to the non-structural proteins of FMD virus in vaccinated animals.
	Development of vaccine efficacy studies in species other than cattle.
4.	Epidemiology with special emphasis on:
	Risk analysis, impact and cost–benefit analysis. 
	The role of subclinically infected animals (including wildlife, small ruminants, and camellidae), The role of Equidae in transmission of FMD infection to susceptible hosts.
	Infection tracking and predictive modelling.
	Re-evaluation of wind-borne spread of FMD virus.
	Development of performance indicators to assist countries with a particular epidemiological status of FMD to advance to a more favourable status.
5.	Risk analysis on animal products and products from convalescent/vaccinated animals using epidemiological and experimental data, including predictive modelling studies.
6.	Economic research and surveys on trends and market forces for animals and animal products as well as on the financial and other resource needs for the effective functioning of national Veterinary Services in dealing with disease emergencies and the management of national programmes for the control of major epizootics.
7.	Other methods to improve control
	Disinfectants that are effective in the presence of organic matter, are noncorrosive, and do not harm the environment.
	Investigation of the survival of FMD virus in smoke plumes, when infected carcasses are burned.
	Methods of carcass disposal.
_______________

Recommendation No. 5
International action to safeguard animal health, trade and food security
CONSIDERING THAT
The World Food Summit (November 1996), in recognising the importance of epidemic diseases of livestock (including foot and mouth disease) to both international trade and world food security, committed the governments of countries and the civil society to seek to ensure effective prevention and progressive control of such diseases
Infectious diseases, especially those of an epidemic nature or of public health concern, are assuming increasing economic importance in the changing farming and trading systems of both industrialised and developing countries
Emerging or evolving infectious diseases have the potential to quickly move from local to international significance
In recent years epidemic diseases have caused heavy losses both in industrialised and developing countries and that there have been dramatic incidents of transboundary and international spread of disease
The events involving the spread of the type O Pan-Asian strain of FMD virus to many countries and most recently to South Africa, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and the Netherlands, and of type A virus in South America, have shown just how vulnerable countries are to epidemic livestock diseases, even countries with sophisticated quarantine controls
Effective disease control requires efficient disease detection systems, competent diagnostic laboratories and close co-operation and joint management of official Veterinary Services with private veterinarians, farmers, industry, consumers and other organisations, especially medical authorities and national emergency services, as well as regional and international co-operation
When national programmes are jointly developed, managed and financed between the public and the private sectors, notable successes have been achieved, for example in the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme and the Hemispheric Plan for the Eradication of FMD in the Americas
THIS CONFERENCE RECOMMENDS THAT
1.	The control of FMD and other animal diseases of significance to international trade, food security, food safety and public health be considered as a service for the good of the international public.
2.	National Veterinary Services undertake to increase the awareness and the involvement and education of political authorities, veterinarians, farmers, other involved organisations, industry and consumers in the early detection, reporting and control of infectious diseases, as well as in the joint management and financing of national eradication programmes.
3.	The provision of financial support, technical assistance and other support by countries with highly developed livestock industries to less developed countries to improve emphasis on their national Veterinary Services and to better control and eradicate their important animal diseases will provide very substantial mutual benefits to both parties.
4.	Special attention should be given to international co-ordinated programmes for rinderpest, foot and mouth disease and classical and African swine fever. This initiative would also provide templates for the surveillance and tactical control of other important diseases.
5.	
As a first step, the OIE and FAO should convene a high level international meeting to improve awareness and establish agreement that there international concerted actions are needed against foot and mouth disease and other animal diseases that are of significance for trade, food security, food safety and public health.
_______________

.../Appendices

Appendix I
OIE/FAO INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
ON FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Paris, 17-18 April 2001
____
Agenda
17 April:      14:00-14:30
1.	Welcome and introductory comments:
•	Dr M. Marabelli, President of the OIE International Committee
•	Dr B. Vallat, Director General, OIE
•	Dr Y. Cheneau, Chief Animal Health Service, FAO
•	Approval of the Agenda and schedule for the meeting  (Dr J.E. Pearson)
14:30-15:30
2.	Review the following definitions in foot and mouth disease Chapter of the OIE International Animal Health Code
a)	The criteria for the declaration of an outbreak
b)	Freedom from disease or freedom from infection
•	Dr G.A. Thomson	Dr W.-A. Valder
15:30-16:00             Break
16:00-17:00
3.	Emergency Foot and mouth disease control methods
a)	Evaluation of stamping out and restriction of animal movement procedures
•	Dr J.G. Murray	Prof. V. Caporale
17:00-18:00
b)	Criteria for the use of vaccination in livestock
•	Dr S.K. Hargreaves	Dr R.A. Bell

18 April:         9:00-10:00
c)	Criteria for the use of vaccination in special cases i.e. zoos, wildlife parks, rare breeds and special research programs, 
•	Dr S.K. Hargreaves	Dr R.A. Bell
10:00-11:00
4.	Risk of foot and mouth disease transmission due to trade of products
•	Dr E. Correa Melo	Dr A.N. Panin
11:00-11:30             Break
11:30-12:30
5.	Research needed to better control and eradicate foot and mouth
•	Dr K. De Clercq	Dr J. Lubroth   and other research workers
12:30-13:00           Lunch
14:00-15:00
6.	Development of programmes to control and eradicate foot and mouth disease and other epizootics from endemic countries; consider initiating this process by convening an FAO/OIE conference of high level officials and specialised financial institutions to discuss methods to develop and implement these programmes

•	Dr Y. Ozawa	Dr M.M. Rweyemamu
15:00-15:30            Break
15:30-16:30
7.	Consideration of proposed resolutions to be presented to the OIE International Committee
•	Dr G.A. Thomson	Dr W.-A. Valder
8.	Closing remarks
•	Dr B. Vallat, Director General, OIE
•	Dr Y. Cheneau, Chief Animal Health Service, FAO
Rapporteur:  Dr A.J.M. Garland

_______________

Appendix II
OIE/FAO INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
ON FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Paris, 17-18 April 2001
____
List of Participants
Office International des Epizooties

FMD COMMISSION MEMBERS
Dr G.R. Thomson (President)
OUA-BIRA/OAU-IBAROrganisation for African UnityInterafrican Bureau for Animal ResourcesP.O. Box 30786NairobiKENYATel: (254-2) 334 550/251 517
Fax: (254-2) 226 565E-mail: thomson.pace@oau-ibar.org

Prof. V. Caporale (Vice-President)
Director
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale
dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’
Via Campo Boario
64100 Teramo
ITALY
Tel: (39.0861) 33 22 33
Fax: (39.0861) 33 22 51
E-mail: caporale@izs.it

Dr E. Correa Melo (Secretary General)
DirectorFoot and Mouth Disease Coordinator
Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa
Caixa Postal 589
20001-970 Rio de Janeiro
BRAZIL
Tel: (55-21) 671 3128
Fax: (55-21) 671 2387
E-mail: ecorrea@panaftosa.ops-oms.org
CODE COMMISSION MEMBERS
Dr Wolf-Arno Valder (Vice-PresidentMinisterialrat, Leiter des ReferatesTierseuchenangelegenheiten beim HandelBundesministerium für Ernährung,Landwirtschaft und ForstenRochusstr. 1D-53123 BonnGERMANYTel: (49-228) 529 3618Fax: (49-228) 529 4401E-mail: wolf-arno.valder@bml.bund.de

Dr Alexander N. PaninDirector of the All-Russia State ResearchInstitute for Control, Standardisation andCertification of Veterinary PreparationsMinistry of Agriculture and Food5, Zvenigorodskoye shosse123022 MoskvaRUSSIATel: (7-095) 253.14.91Fax: (7-095) 253.14.91E-mail: vgnki_vet@mtu-net.ru
Dr Stuart K. HargreavesDirector of Veterinary ServicesDepartment of Veterinary ServicesMinistry of Agriculture18 Borrowdale RoadP.O. Box CY66Causeway HarareZIMBABWETel: (263-4) 791355/722358Fax: (263-4) 72 08 79E-mail: veeu@africaonline.co.zw
REGIONAL COMMISSIONS
Dr Rachid BouguedourPresident of the Regional Commission for AfricaDirecteur des services vétérinairesMinistère de l'Agriculture12, bd Colonel Amirouche16000 AlgerALGERIATel: (213-21) 71 17 12 poste 2771/2772Fax: (213-21) 74 34 34 / 74 63 33E-mail: dsval@wissal.dz
Dr J. Gardner MurrayPresident of the Regional Commission for Asia,
the Far East and OceaniaChief Veterinary Officer/Managing Director
National Offices of Animal, Plant,
Fish Health and Food SafetyCommonwealth Department of AgricultureFisheries and Forestry (DAFF)GPO BOX 858Canberra ACT 2601AUSTRALIATel: (61-26) 272 5848Fax: (61-26) 272 5697E-mail: gardner.murray@affa.gov.au
Dr Nikola T. BelevPresident of the Regional Commission for EuropeBld Wasil Lewski 1101527 SofiaBULGARIATel: (359-2) 944 1514Fax: (359-2) 462 910E-mail: pam2kom@cit.bg
Dr Sultan A. Sultan Al KhalafPresident of the Regional Commission for the Middle EastDeputy Director GeneralOffice of the Chairman & Director General
The Public Authority for Agriculture,
Affairs and Fish ResourcesP.O. Box 2142213075 SafatKUWAITTel: (965) 476 5026-38 / 472 8503Fax: (965) 472 3896 / 476 5026-38E-mail: sulahmed@hotmail.com
FMD REFERENCE LABORATORIES/EXPERTS
Dr V. Saraiva
Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa/OPS-OMSFoot and Mouth Disease Center/PAHO-WHOAv. Presidente Kennedy7778 Sao BentoDuque de Caxias25040-000 Rio de JaneiroBRAZILTel: (55-21) 671 3128Fax: (55-21) 671 2387E-mail: vsaraiva@panaftosa.ops-oms.org

Dr Kenichi Sakamoto
Chief, Diagnostic Laboratory
Department of Exotic Diseases
National Institute of Animal Health
6-20-1, Josui-Honcho
Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-0022
JAPAN
Tel: (81) 423-21-1441
Fax: (81) 423-25-5122
E-mail: skenichi@ed.affrc.go.jp

Prof. Anatoly A. GusevDirector
All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health(ARRIAH)Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation600900 Jur'EvetsVladimirRUSSIATel: (7.0922) 26.06.14Fax: (7.0922) 24.36.75/26.07.53E-mail: sinko@arriah.elcom.ru
Dr V.M. Zakharov
Deputy Director
All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health
600900 Yur’evets, Vladimir
RUSSIA
Tel: (7.0922) 26.06.14/26.19.14
Fax: (7.0922) 24.36.75/23.72.61
E-mail: sinko@arriah.elcom.ru

Dr Robin A. Bell
Veterinary International Trade Team
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food
State Veterinary Service
Room 403c, 1A Page Street
London SW1P 4PQ
UNITED KINGDOMTel: (44) 207904 6169
Fax: (44) 207904 6364
E-mail: r.a.bell@ahit.maff.gsi.gov.uk

Dr Juan Lubroth
Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
NVSL/APHIS/USDA
P.O. Box 848
Greenport, NY 11944-0848
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Tel: (1.631) 323.2500
Fax: (1.631) 323.3366
E-mail: Juan.Lubroth@aphis.usda.gov
REGIONAL REPRESENTATIONS
Africa
Dr Amadou Samba SidibeCoordinatorB.P. 2954BamakoMALITel: (223) 24 60 53 / 22 07 24 
Fax: (223) 24 15 83 / 23 94 47E-mail: pacereg@malinet.ml
Americas
Prof. Emilio J. GimenoCoordinatorCerviño 3101  2°1425 Buenos AiresARGENTINATel: (54-11) 4803 4877Fax: (54-11) 4803 3688E-mail: oieamericas@ciudad.com.ar

Asia
Dr Y. OzawaSpecial AdvisorEast 311, Shin Aoyama Bldg1-1-1 Minami AoyamaMinato-Ku, Tokyo 107-0062JAPANTel: (81.3) 54 11 05 20Fax: (81.3) 54 11 05 26E-mail: oietokyo@tky.3web.ne.jp
Middle East
Dr Ghazi YehyaCoordinator
KfarchimaOffice de la soieB.P. 268 HazmiehLEBANONTel: (961-5) 430 741Fax: (961-5) 430 742E-mail: rrmeaoie@intracom.net.lb
REGIONAL COORDINATION UNIT
Dr L.J. Gleeson
SEAFMD PROJECTc/o Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Kasetsart University
Bangkok 10 900
THAILAND
Tel: (66-2) 9407491
Fax: (66-2) 940 6570
E-mail: rcu.seafmd@oie.int
            oiercu@lox1.loxinfo.co.th
CENTRAL BUREAU
Dr Romano MarabelliPresident of the OIE International Committee
Direttore GeneraleDipartimento degli Alimenti,Nutrizione e Sanità pubblica veterinariaMinistero della SanitàPiazza Marconi, 2000144 Roma - EURITALYTel: (39-06) 5994 3945 / 3946 / 3862Fax: (39-06) 5994 3217/3676E-mail: danspv@izs.it
Dr B. Vallat
Director General
12 rue de Prony
75017 Paris
FRANCE
Tel: 33-(0)1 44.15.18.88
Fax: 33-(0)1 42.67.09.87
E-mail: b.vallat@oie.int or oie@oie.int

Dr J. Pearson
Head, Scientific and Technical Department 
E-mail: je.pearson@oie.int

Dr T. Chillaud
Head, Information and International Trade Department
E-mail: t.chillaud@oie.int

Dr Fernando Crespo León
Chargé de mission
Scientific and Technical Dept
E-mail: f.crespoleon@oie.int

Dr Yoshiyuki Oketani
Chargé de mission
Information and International Trade Department
E-mail: y.oketani@oie.int

Ms Maria Zampaglione
Press
E-mail: m.zampaglione@oie.int

Dr G. Zanella
Deputy Head, Information and International Trade Dept
E-mail: g.zanella@oie.int

European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EUFMD)
Dr K. De Clercq
CODA-CERVA-VAR
Groeselenberg 99
1180 Ukkel
BELGIUM
Tel/Fax: (32 2) 379 04 00/379 04 01
E-mail: kris.de.clercq@var.fgov.be

Dr D.E. Panagiotatos
Head, Section of Infectious DiseasesMinistry of Agriculture2 Acharnon Street10176 Athens
GREECE
Tel: (30-1) 212 57 19
Fax: (30-1) 825 26 14
E-mail: vetserv@ath.forthnet.gr

Dr Y. Leforban
Secretary of the European Commission
for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease
FAO
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome
ITALY
Tel: (39) 06 570 55528
Fax: (39) 06 570 55749
E-mail: yves.leforban@fao.org

Dr T. SoósDirector, State Institute for the Control ofVeterinary Biologicals, Drugs and FeedsX. Szállás u.8., P.O. Box 3181475 Budapest 10HUNGARYTel: (36-1) 262 95 79Fax: (36.1) 262 28 39
E-mail: soost@oai.hu
Dr Ignacio Sanchez EstebanSubdirector General de Sanidad VeterinariaC/ Corazón de María N° 828002 MadridSPAINTel: (34-91) 347 8295Fax: (34-91) 347 8299E-mail: isanchez@mapya.es
Dr Leos Celeda
State Veterinary AdministrationTesnov 17117 05 Praha 1PragueCZECH REPUBLICTel: (420 2) 231 9554Fax: (420-2) 2181 2971E-mail: l.celeda@svs.aquasoft.cz

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

Dr Yves CheneauChief, Animal Health Service
Animal Production and Health Division
FAOVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 RomaITALYTel: (39-06) 570 53531Fax: (39-06) 570 55749E-mail: yves.cheneau@fao.org

Dr M.M. Rweyemamu
Head, Infectious Diseases Group
Animal Production & Health Division
FAO
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome
ITALY
Tel: (39) 06 570 56772
Fax: (39) 06 570 53023
E-mail: mark.rweyemamu@fao.org

FAO EMPRES
Dr A.J.M. Garland
Collingwood, Dawney Hill
Pirbright, Woking
Surrey GU24 ONFUNITED KINGDOM
Tel: (44-1.483) 47 34 76
Fax: (44-1.483) 48 00 23
E-mail: tony.garland@btinternet.com

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Dr J.R. CrowtherFAO/IAEAWagramerstrasse 5P.O. Box 100A-1400 VIENNAAUTRICHETel: (43.1) 2600 26054Fax: (43.1) 26007E-mail: J.Crowther@iaea.org
Organization for African Unity/Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (OAU-IBAR)
Dr René Bessin
Coordinator of the Pan African Programme
for the Control of Epizootics (PACE)
OAU/IBAR
P.O. Box 30786NairobiKENYATel: (254-2) 338 570
Fax: (254-2) 220 546/226 565
E-mail: rene.bessin@oau-ibar.org
European Union (EU)
Dr J. FévrierAdministrateur principalCommission européenneDirection générale VI - Agriculture B II 286 Rue de la Loi1049 BruxellesBELGIQUETel: (32 2) 296 58 72Fax: (32 2) 295 31 44E-mail: jacques.fevrier@cec.eu.int

Observers

Mr Pierre ChoraineFederation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE)1, rue Defacqz1000 BrusselsBELGIUMTel: (32.2) 538.29.63Fax: (32.2) 537.28.28E-mail: p.choraine@fve.org
Dr Caryll Shailer
Counsellor (Veterinary Services)
New Zealand Mission to the European Communities
Square de Meeûs 1
1000 Brussels
BELGIUM
Tel: (32.2) 550.12.19
Fax: (32.2) 513.48.56
E-mail: caryllshailer@compuserve.com

Dr Preben WillebergChief Veterinary OfficerDanish Veterinary and Food AdministrationMinistry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Morkhoj Bygade 19DK-2860 SoborgDENMARKTel: (45) 33 95 61 15Fax: (45) 39 67 52 48E-mail: pw@fdir.dk

Dr Isabelle ChmitelinChef des Services Vétérinaires
Directrice générale adjointeDirection générale de l'alimentationMinistère de l'agriculture et de la pêche251, rue de Vaugirard75732 Paris Cedex 15FRANCETel: 33-(0)1 49 55 81 77Fax: 33-(0)1 49 55 55 91E-mail: isabelle.chmitelin@agriculture.gouv.fr

Dr Monique EloitDirectrice adjointeAFSSA23, avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, BP 1994701 Maisons-Alfort CedexFRANCETel: 33-(0)1 49 77 13 50Fax: 33-(0)1 49 77 90 05E-mail: m.eloit@afssa.fr
Dr Véronique BellemainVétérinaire Inspecteur en chef
Adjointe au sous-directeur de la santé et de la protection animales
Direction générale de l’alimentation
Ministère de l'agriculture et de la pêche251, rue de Vaugirard75732 Paris Cedex 15FRANCETel: 33-(0)1 49 55 84 80Fax: 33-(0)1 49 55 43 98E-mail: veronique.bellemain@agriculture.gouv.fr

Dr Albert CostelloeDeputy Chief Veterinary OfficerDepartment of Agriculture, Foodand Rural DevelopmentKildare StreetDublin 2IRELANDTel: (353-1) 607 2484 / 607 2000Fax: (353-1) 676 2989/ 661 6263 /6620198E-mail: albert.costelloe@daff.irlgov.ie
Dr Antra Brinke
Deputy Director
State Veterinary ServiceMinistry of AgricultureRepublikas laukums 2Riga LV-1981LATVIATel: (371-7) 095 247Fax: (371-7) 322 727E-mail: antra@vvd.vita.gov.lv
Dr Aurelia IonescuHead of the Department for Diagnostic Coordination
of Ruminants and Equides DiseasesNational Sanitary Veterinary Agency,
Institute for Diagnosis and Animal HealthMinistry of Agriculture and Food IndustryBd. Carol I n° 24 - Sectorul 3Bucuresti cod 70033ROMANIATel: (40-1) 410 1299/410 9960Fax: (40-1) 411 3394E-mail: aureliaionescu@yahoo.com
Mr J. MulderExpert Agriculture Product
Brussels
BELGIUM
E-mail: j.mulder@europarl.eu.int

Dr Anders EngvallState Epizootiologist
Department of Disease Control and Biosecurity
National Veterinary InstituteSVA, P.O. Box 7073S-750 07 UPPSALASWEDENTel: (46.18) 67 40 00Fax: (46.18) 30 91 62E-mail: anders.engvall@sva.se

Dr Bengt NordblomChief Veterinary OfficerNational Swedish Veterinary ServicesHead of Department for Animal Productionand Health - Swedish Board of AgricultureS-551 82 JönköpingSWEDENTel: (46-36) 155 230 / 155 000Fax: (46-36) 308 182E-mail: bengt.nordblom@sjv.se

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Appendix III
OIE/FAO INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
ON FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Paris, 17-18 April 2001
____
Opening Speech
Dr M. Marabelli
President of the OIE International Committee
Ladies and Gentlemen, welcome.
I would like to thank Dr Vallat, Director General of the OIE, and Dr Cheneau, FAO, for organising this Conference.
This international conference on foot and mouth disease (FMD), aimed at examining closely and considering the scientific aspects of a disease that is currently topical, is very opportune.
Unfortunately the disease continues to be present in most regions of the world in epidemic form and, at the same time, continents that seemed to have completely eradicated the disease (such as Europe) or that were on the point of completing their eradication programmes (such as South America) have had to confront once more this ravaging epizootic.
I believe that it is very important that the OIE and the FAO confirm their central role in defining control and eradication strategies.
At the same time is essential to examine certain subjects that have a determining influence on animal health world-wide and direct consequences on the free movement of animals and food.
Achieving these aims is an important way to promote the development of those countries that are excluded from international trade. For this purpose, three elements are of great importance:
•	The organisation and capabilities of Veterinary Services – this is a critical element in animal production security;
•	The permanent control of conditions that allow the spread of FMD and the availability of means for continuous monitoring;
•	The examination of defined standards for the eradication and control of FMD, either by rationalising stamping-out programmes, which are very difficult to carry out in crowded regions and not easily understood for animal welfare reasons, or by an accurate study of new tools to easily distinguish vaccinated from the infected animals.
I hope that during this Conference a balanced and realistic evaluation of FMD will be achieved that will prove to be a landmark for countries and international organisations.
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OIE/FAO INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
ON FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Paris, 17-18 April 2001
____
Opening Speech
Dr B. Vallat
Director General of the OIE
Mr President of the OIE,
Ladies, Gentlemen,
Delegates of Member Countries,
Scientific Experts of Specialist Commissions, Reference Laboratories
and Co-ordinators of Regional Representations of the OIE,
Observers and Honoured Guests
The end of the last millenium offered immense hope in regard to the possibility of eradicating foot and mouth disease from several regions of the world and high expectations to control the disease in other regions.
This world trend enabled the Committee of the OIE to adopt the procedure governing the recognition of the health status of Member Countries seeking classification.
About a third of the OIE Member Countries have succeeded in eradicating foot and mouth disease and have abandoned vaccination. Given the effective protection offered by the very strict application of recommendations of the International Animal Health Code in regard to the introduction of the virus, it was hoped that this measure would be definitive.
This very favourable situation was turned around recently and several disease-free countries which did not vaccinate have had to face active outbreaks of foot and mouth disease.
Large-scale measures in these countries, together with a new phenomenon, the very strong implication of the media, followed by the varying positions adopted by political decision-makers, encouraged the OIE to organise this emergency scientific conference, together with the FAO. The aim of the meeting is to summarise the latest knowledge on the disease.
Thus, if necessary, the Conference will be able to propose to the OIE International Committee, which will meet in just over a month, draft resolutions with the aim of defining the work to be conducted by our Organisation in this field.
The Committee could therefore set up new projects in which involvement could be sought from the Specialist Commissions (FMD and other Epizootics Commission, Code Commission and Standards Commission) and from Regional Commissions, Regional Co-ordinators and Reference Laboratories throughout the world.
Your recommendations will also be most useful to other organisations, such as the FAO and donor agencies, which wish to reinforce their activities by assisting developing countries.
It is obvious that the eradication of animal diseases which are endemic in certain regions is of interest not only to those who benefit directly from aid, but also to the entire international community.
The discussions which will take place during this Conference have solid foundations. The OIE has always given priority to foot and mouth disease and has invested heavily to offer countries quality scientific and epidemiological information, in addition to appropriate recommendations. These are relayed by specialised regional organisations, whose efficient and devoted work should be acknowledged.
The foundations of OIE involvement in this area include the creation by the OIE of a Commission of specialists on foot and mouth disease just after the Second World War. Since that time, seventeen world conferences have been held on the disease, the last of which was held in Paris in 1986. Most of the conferences led to the formulation of Resolutions by the International Committee. These Resolutions have been included in your Conference documents.
The discussions which will take place today and tomorrow should take into account new elements, some of which I would like to highlight, as follows:
–	The regular increase in the volume of trade in animals and animal products which could alter risk analyses conducted previously. In particular, this new state of affairs could lead us to re-evaluate whether the financial and human resources available to official Veterinary Services are adequate when faced with the risks involved
–	New vaccines and tests enabling the characterisation of antibodies have been announced; these need to be evaluated and validated as soon as possible. In addition, the possible repercussions of these new tools on the Code should be considered
–	Experience gained in the trade of animal products, particularly from countries which are free from disease but which practise vaccination, including the possible consequences for animal health of such trade
–	International awareness of the critical need to avoid stamping-out for foot and mouth disease in the case of rare or endangered species and, in this light, the obligation for the OIE to respond to this need by amending the Code, after conducting the appropriate risk analysis
–	The need to clearly state the procedures for implementing stamping-out when necessary
–	The increasing awareness of the general public throughout the world on the need for global eradication of the major animal diseases and the necessity to make proposals which are validated by all Member States of the OIE, FAO and international donor agencies.
I would like to conclude, Ladies and Gentlemen, by wishing you a most successful conference. The conclusions of this Conference are awaited with much interest, not only by the OIE, the FAO and the Governments of Member Countries, but also by the general public who will be informed of the results of this Conference via a Press Conference to be held at the close of this meeting.
Ladies and Gentlemen, thank you very much indeed for so generously offering your time and expertise to this very important debate.
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Appendix IV
OIE/FAO INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
ON FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Paris, 17-18 April 2001
____
Opening Speech
Dr Yves Cheneau
Chief, Animal Health Service, FAO
Ladies and Gentlemen
Dear Colleagues
It is always difficult to speak after eminent colleagues during an opening session, because of the risk of repeating what has already been said! I will try to avoid any repetition.
Two months ago, the international veterinary community entered into a dramatic crisis following the reintroduction of FMD virus into European territories. With the confirmation of the presence of FMD type O in the UK on 20 February 2001 a race began between the virus - which had spread in the sheep population in the country - and the Veterinary Services.
I wish to give my encouragements to our colleagues in the UK, France, Ireland and the Netherlands, who are actively trying to resolve this crisis situation.
No doubt that the crisis will oblige us to re-appraise our certitudes on FMD matters. That is why we are here today. We need to re-discuss our strategies [Should we continue to use stamping-out and restriction policies? Should we consider the use of vaccination? Under which conditions?]. We need to look at the role/structure/funding of the Veterinary Services themselves. But we must also be coherent, and adopt a global vision.
The 33 Member Countries of the FAO European Commission for the control of FMD met from 21 to 23 March in Rome. It became apparent that even if the present crisis concerns mainly Europe, it should not be forgotten that the disease is endemic in many regions of the world. Action should take place there too, and a global plan should be envisaged, reducing the importance of the risk emanating from these regions.
There are some low-cost measures that could be taken immediately, for example concerning the use of swill from airports and ports.
Concluding, I wish to highlight three words:
•	surveillance, which remains the most efficient tool at hand,
•	science, because our advice to politicians and decisions makers cannot be seriously considered if not ‘science-based’, and
•	solidarity, because we all share the one globe, sharing the same problems: diseases such as FMD should be of concern to all of us, FAO and OIE Member Countries as well as the international community.
Thank you
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