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r\'e9f\'e9rences3;}{\s78\qc \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx709\tx851\tx4176\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext78 th\'e8me1;}{\s79\ql \fi-1593\li1560\ri-720\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx6912\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-720\lin1560\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\f428\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext55 Therapeutic3;}{\s80\qj \li284\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext2 P2;}{\s81\qj \fi-284\li567\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx567\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon80 \snext81 P3;}{\s82\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext82 Normal2;}{\s83\ql \li284\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext83 Retrait1;}{ \s84\qc \li0\ri0\sa480\sl240\slmult0\keep\widctlpar\tx576\tx1008\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \f427\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext84 resolution2;}{ \s85\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext40 r\'e9f\'e9rences2;}{ \s86\qj \fi-284\li567\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext86 retraita)1;}{ \s87\ql \fi-1593\li1560\ri-720\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx6912\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-720\lin1560\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\f428\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext87 Therapeutic2;}{\s88\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext77 r\'e9f\'e9rences1;}{ \s89\ql \fi-1593\li1560\ri-720\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\tx6912\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-720\lin1560\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\f428\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext89 Therapeutic1;}{\s90\qc \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa240\sl240\slmult0\keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f427\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext90 titre1;}{\s91\ql \fi284\li0\ri0\sb240\widctlpar\tx851\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext91 Corps;}{\s92\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tx4537\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext92 Adresse A;}{ \s93\qj \li4678\ri0\sa960\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4678\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext93 Salutations A;}{ \s94\qj \li4678\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4678\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext94 Signataire A;}{\s95\qj \li284\ri0\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar \tx284\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \f433\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext95 b;}{\s96\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f433\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext96 a;}{\s97\qj \fi-437\li426\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \f433\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext97 c;}{\s98\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sa240\sl240\slmult0 \keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext98 1);}{\s99\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sa240\sl240\slmult0 \keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon70 \snext99 n.auto;}{\s100\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa240\sl240\slmult0 \keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \f5\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon25 \snext100 num;}{\s101\qc \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa480\sl240\slmult0 \keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f427\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext101 first session;}{\s102\qc \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa240\sl240\slmult0 \keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext102 technical;}{\s103\qj \fi-283\li1134\ri0\sa120\sl240\slmult0 \keep\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \f5\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon25 \snext103 tiret .;}{\s104\qc \li0\ri0\sa480\sl240\slmult0\keep\widctlpar \tx576\tx1008\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \f427\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext104 resolution1;}{\s105\qj \fi1\li425\ri0\sa240\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext105 Body Text 2;}{\s106\qc \li3402\ri3402\sa240\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\brdrt \brdrs\brdrw15\brsp60 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp60 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp60 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp60 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin3402\lin3402\rtlgutter\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\expnd12\expndtw60\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext106 encadre;}{\s107\qj \li851\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext107 para 1.1.;}{\s108\ql \li851\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext108 1.1.italit;}{\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext109 Para 1;}{\s110\qj \fi-284\li851\ri0\sa240\widctlpar{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl10\ls2047\pnrnot0\pnf7\pnstart1\pnindent283\pnhang {\pntxtb ?}} \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2047\ilvl10\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext110 point 1.;}{ \s111\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1033\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext111 Body Text;}{ \s112\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext112 Disease;}{ \s113\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext113 Body Text 2;}{ \s114\qj \fi-567\li567\ri6662\sa240\sl240\slmult0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf7 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf7 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf7 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf7 \tx4176\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin6662\lin567\rtlgutter\itap0 \shading10000\cfpat7 \rtlch \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \i\f398\fs20\expnd12\expndtw60\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext114 Date;}{ \s115\qc \li2835\ri2835\sa360\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf16 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp80\brdrcf16 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2835\lin2835\rtlgutter\itap0 \shading3500\cbpat8 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\fs24\expnd12\expndtw60\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 \sbasedon114 \snext115 Titre centr\'e9;}{ \s116\qj \fi1\li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext116 Body Text Indent 2;}{ \s117\qj \fi-283\li283\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin283\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 \sbasedon0 \snext117 List;}{ \s118\qc 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\li0\ri-568\sa1080\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323222\adjustright\rin-568\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \qr \li0\ri-1\sa1080\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 February 2002 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\f1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE WORKING GROUP \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\f1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ON WILDLIFE DISEASES \par Paris, 18 \endash 20 February 2002 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s60\qc \li0\ri0\sa720\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \f1\fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1 \ltrch \f0\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 _____ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The meeting of the Working Group on Wildlife Diseases was held from 18 to 20 February 2002 at the OIE Central Bureau. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421999 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Dr B. Vallat, Director General of the OIE, and Dr J. Pearson, Head of the Scientific and Technical Department, welcomed the participants and opened the meeting. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid15600586\charrsid4919035 Dr\~M.H.\~Woodford was elected chairperson of the meeting and }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Drs M. Artois and T. M\'f6rne r were appointed rapporteurs}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\crauth2\crdate1181006459\langnp2057\insrsid10421999\charrsid10552728 {\*\oldcprops \highlight7\crauth2\crdate1181006459\insrsid10421999\charrsid10552728 }; they were}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\crauth2\crdate1181006459\langnp2057\insrsid15294451\charrsid10552728 {\*\oldcprops \highlight7\crauth2\crdate1181006459\insrsid15294451\charrsid10552728 } assisted by Dr Stephanie Haigh}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\crauth2\crdate1181006459\langnp2057\insrsid15600586\charrsid10552728 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate1181006459\insrsid15600586\charrsid10552728 }.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The agenda and list of participants are given at }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \ul\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid11684345\charrsid4919035 Appendices}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \ul\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 I}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \ul\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 II}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , respectively. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 1.\tab Epidemiological review of selected wildlife diseases 2001 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s118\qc \li2268\ri2268\sa480\nowidctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf16 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp80\brdrcf16 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2268\lin2268\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\fs24\expnd12\expndtw60\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 List A diseases}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \scaps\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 African swine fever \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In 2001, African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks were reported in several African countries including Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and Mozambique. The outbreaks in the Dar-es-Salaam region of Tanzania and the Nampula Province of Mozambique were particularly severe, involving thousands of }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\crauth2\crdate644148276\langnp1033\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148276\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 }domestic}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\langnp1033\insrsid15414127 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 pigs. Soft ticks of the genus }{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Ornithodorus }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 are the definitive maintenance hosts, but wild suids, and occasionally localised resistant populations of free-range domestic pigs may act as secondary hosts an d vectors. Once infected, domestic pigs act as amplifiers and \lquote super-shedders\rquote of virus in all their secretions and excretions. There is no effective treatment or vaccine, and stamping out procedures are generally used to control outbreaks.} {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bluetongue \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Case s of bluetongue were reported in white-tailed deer (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Odocoileus virginianus}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and wild ruminants in the United States of America (USA) in 2001. Bluetongue also was reported in four deer from Peru. \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid4919035 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Classical swine fever}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 One case of classical swine fever (CSF ) was reported in a white-lipped peccary (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Tayassu pecari}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in Peru. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 CSF continues to be present in wild boar (}{ \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sus scrofa}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) populations in some parts of Europe, and in 2001 this disease was reported from Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, the Slovak Republic and t he Ukraine. These outbreaks were restricted to wild boars and no related outbreak was observed in domestic pigs. Vaccination of wild boars through a baiting system is currently in progress in Germany. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Foot and mouth disease \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth3\prdate-1503341665\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10038256 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10038256 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In the outbreak of foot and mout h disease (FMD) in Europe in 2001, free-ranging deer were investigated by serology in the United Kingdom (UK) and deer and wild boars in the Netherlands. However, while the sample size was small in the UK, but substantial in the Netherlands, no evidence o f FMD infection was reported.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\langnp2057\insrsid15414127 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\crauth2\crdate644148276\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148276\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 }In Ireland, stamping out of }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \deleted\fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\crauth2\crdate644148276\revauthdel3\revdttmdel-1503341665\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\delrsid10038256\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148276\insrsid15414127\delrsid10038256\charrsid4223163 }the }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\crauth2\crdate644148276\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148276\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 }wild deer }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth3\revdttm-1503341664\crauth2\crdate644148276\langnp2057\insrsid10038256\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \highlight7\crauth2\crdate644148276\insrsid10038256\charrsid4223163 }in areas }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\crauth2\crdate644148276\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148276\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 }around the outbreak was carried out}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341668\crauth3\crdate-1503341664\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\charrsid10038256 {\*\oldcprops \crauth3\crdate-1503341664\insrsid15414127\charrsid10038256 }.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In South Africa, major floods severely damaged sections of the Kruger National Park\rquote s (KNP) veterinary perimeter fence, resulting in numerous incidents involving vagrant buffalo (}{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Syncerus caffer)}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 straying into adjoining communal farming areas. In January 2001, an outbreak of FMD in cattle in the Mhala and Mapulaneng districts adjoining the KNP was confirmed. An SAT2 virus, found by genetic fi nger-printing to have a close homology with a KNP buffalo strain, was isolated. This cattle outbreak was eventually brought under control in September, using a combination of cloven-hoofed animal movement control and mass vaccination. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Zimbabwe, an outbr eak of FMD in cattle caused by an SAT2 virus was reported in September in the southern and south-western regions of Zimbabwe. No further news has been forthcoming. \par In Botswana, an outbreak of FMD in cattle, also caused by a SAT2 virus, has recently occurred in the south-eastern region of the country adjacent to Zimbabwe. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In India, two of 27 Asian elephants (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Elaphus maximus}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in a captive herd in New Delhi showed clinical signs of FMD for two weeks. Two more animals died within six weeks, with one showing signs typical of FMD.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Samples were sent from infected animals for viral typing and antibody titre determination, and surviving animals were screened for antibodies.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Results are pending.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Peste des petits ruminants \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) were found in sera from buffalo and antelope from West African countries. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Rinderpest \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 An outbreak of rinderpest has been reported in the northern buffalo herds in the Meru National Park in Kenya. Clinical evidence of disease, including mouth lesions, eye d ischarges, corneal lesions and loss of condition, was seen to affect about 75% of young buffalo (under 5\~ years old) in these herds. Many of the clinical signs were suggestive of recovery, rather than an acute phase of infection. The disease was confirmed serologically by serum VNT}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs17\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\super\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\super\insrsid8783003 \chftn }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \tab VNT: Virus neutralisation test}}}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and competitive ELISA}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs17\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\super\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\super\insrsid8783003 \chftn }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \tab ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay}}}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and by PCR}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs17\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\super\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\super\insrsid8783003 \chftn }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \tab PCR: Polymerase chain reaction}}}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . Sequence analysis confirmed lineage II virus, with 99% homology to material submitted during the 1994-97 outbreaks in Kenya. The Group strongly recommends that surveillance for rinderpest be co ntinued and increased as this may provide the first evidence of a pending outbreak.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 It is very important for follow-up monitoring to be maintained in order to evaluate any epidemiological changes in the patterns of this important disease. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s118\qc \li2268\ri2268\sa240\nowidctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf16 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp80\brdrcf16 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323220\adjustright\rin2268\lin2268\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid12216287 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\fs24\expnd12\expndtw60\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\s118\qc \li2268\ri2268\sa480\nowidctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf16 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp80\brdrcf16 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2268\lin2268\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid4919035 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid3613694\charrsid4919035 List B diseases \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Anaplasmosis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Anaplasmosis has been diagnosed in wild cattle and buffalo (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bubalus bubalis}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in Australia.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Anthrax \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Several cases of anthrax were reported in deer and livestock on ranches in Edwards, Uvalde, and Val Verde counties in south-west Texas, USA, during the summer of 2001. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In South Africa,}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 several focal outbreaks involving small clusters of cases occurred in the anthrax endemic area of Northern Cape Province. Species affected were kudu (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Tragelaphus strepsiceros)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , eland (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Taurotragus oryx)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , African buffalo, springbok (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Antedorcas marsupialis)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , gemsbok (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Oryx gazella)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , and Burchell\rquote s zebra (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Equus burchelli)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . Several human cases were reported in people who had utilised infected carcasses. A single case in a Burchell's zebra was also confirmed in the endemic region of the northern KNP.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Namibia,}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 anthrax cases were also reported from the northern region, predominantly from the Etosha National Park. \par In Tanzania, anthrax was reported in 30 Burchell's zebra and a Topi (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Damaliscus lunatus)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in the Serengeti region. \par Anthrax occurred in several hundred American bison (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bison bison}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in Wood Buffalo National Park in Western Canada.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian tuberculosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 New Zealand reported one case in a kakariki (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Cyanoramphus novaezealandiae}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), a native New Zealand parrot. Australia has se en the disease in captive budgerigars (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Melopsittacus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 undulatus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), little penguins (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Eudyptula}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 minor}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), and a scarlet chested parrot (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Neophema splendida}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ).}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian tuberculosis was commonly found in ducks, geese, swans, raptors and other birds in Europe.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bovine tuberculosis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3780\tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14904268 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is present }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 i}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid14904268\charrsid10421999 n}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 wapiti (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Cervus elaphus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in one National Park in Canada. Prevalence and transmission among wild and domestic animals is now under investigation. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Since 1994, the state of Michigan has recognised a problem with bovine TB, caused by }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Mycobacterium bovis }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , in wild white-tailed deer from a five\_ county area in north-eastern lower Michigan. Intensive surveillance since 1995 has detected deer with tuberculosis in 12 Michigan counties with 397 confirmed cases among the more than 70,000 deer carcasses examined. Additionally, single cases were confirmed in free-ranging wapiti in 2000 and 2001. The disease has been found in six other carnivorous or omnivorous wildlife species, in one herd of captive deer, a feral domestic cat, and in several herds of domestic cattle. Efforts to eradicate }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 M. bovis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 from Michigan are continuing. Primary strategies to eliminate the bacterium from free-ranging deer include elimination of supplemental feeding and baiting of deer in counties in wh ich TB has been confirmed in deer, as well as reduction in deer population density via liberalised hunting regulations. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5969459 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bovine TB continues to be a major problem in wildlife in South Africa, Zambia and Uganda. The disease has been confirmed in buffalo, lechwe (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Kobus leche}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), greater kudu, warthog (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Phacochoerus africanus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), bushpig (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Potamochoerus larvatus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), baboon (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Papio ursinus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), lion (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Panthera leo}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), leopard (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Panthera pardus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), cheetah (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Acinonyx jubatus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and spotted hyaena. Of these species, only buffalo, lech we and kudu appear to be maintenance hosts. In the KNP, the disease was also diagnosed for the first time this year, in a honey badger (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Mellivora capensis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and a common genet (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Genetta genetta}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bovine TB was also cultured from two wildebeest (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Connochaetes taurinus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), a topi (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Damaliscus lunatus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and a baboon (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Papio anubis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid5969459 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 A buffalo TB vaccination trial using BCG}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\lang1033\langfe1036\super\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6949861 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\super\insrsid8783003 \chftn }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \tab BCG: }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \deleted\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503356322\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\delrsid6949861 b}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356322\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 B}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 ac}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \deleted\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503356322\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\delrsid6949861 c}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 ille-Calmette-Guerin}}}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 was completed in 2001. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10421999 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bovine TB was reported not only in traditional foci in badger (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Meles meles}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in the UK but also in wild ungulates in Andorra (single case), Hungary, Italy and Spain. Wild boar appear to be the species most commonly infected, but the disease was also reported in red deer (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Cervus elaphus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) from Spain, France and Austria. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 New Zealand reported five cases of bovine TB in possums (}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Trichosurus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 vulpecula}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Brucellosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx567\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Brucellosis in wapiti (already mentioned) and bison (}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bison bison}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) near Yellowstone National Park remains a significant animal health issue. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx567\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Brucella suis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 type 2 is commonly found in wi ld boar in Europe and causes problems for domestic pigs confined on pastures where crossbreeding can occur where fences are not properly designed. A single case of }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Brucella melitensis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 was reported in a chamois (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Rupicapra rupicapra}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in the Alpine region of Europe. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Australia }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Brucella suis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 was reported from feral pigs from a specific area in Queensland. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Echinococcosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3780\tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Echinococcus multilocularis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 has been reported from several European countries including Austria, Denmark, France and Switzerland. The adult parasite was most commonly found in the red fox (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Vulpes vulpes}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), but larval infection was reported from France in a marmot }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 Marmota marmota}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 ) }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and a European beaver (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Castor fiber}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). \par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid6512619\charrsid4919035 Echinococcus granulosus}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid6512619\charrsid4919035 infection }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 was reported in }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 macropod marsupials, wombats (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Vombatus ursinus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), feral pigs (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sus scrofa}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), red foxes, wild dogs (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Canis familiaris}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), dingo (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Canis lupus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 dingo }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ),}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and hybrids in Australia. Larvae are present in pigs, wombats and macropod marsupials. Adult worms are present in canids.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Equine herpesviruses \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In a serological survey undertaken in the Serengeti ecosystem, 1/21 Burchell\rquote s zebra tested positive for equine herpesvirus 1.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Equine viral arteritis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s111\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1033\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In the Serengeti ecosystem, 9/21 Burchell\rquote s zebra tested serologically positive for equine viral arteritis. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Leishmaniosis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 There was an unconfirmed report of l}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 eishmaniosis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in captive red kangaroos (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Macropus rufus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in the Northern Territory, Australia. The signs included chronic skin lesions, interstitial nephritis, and granulomatous dermatitis containing small single-celled parasites within macrophages throughout the dermis.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Electron microscopy is now underway.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Leptospirosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3780\tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth2\prdate644166279\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795524 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\s19\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx3780\tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795524 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Leptospirosis is endemic in Northern Australia in rodents, feral pigs, wombats and possums Feral pigs are known to excrete }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 L}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm644166279\langnp1033\insrsid5795524 eptospira}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\deleted\lang1033\langfe1036\revauthdel2\revdttmdel644166279\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\delrsid5795524\charrsid4919035 .}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \~tarassovi}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in their urine, and it is possible that they are a source of infection of this serovar for humans.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s112\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \deleted\fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323220\langnp6153\insrsid6030935\delrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Myxomatosis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s111\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1033\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Australia reported the results of a survey of wild rabbits (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Oryctolagus cuniculus}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) tested in southern Australia: 354 of 620 tested were positive for myxomatosis. The disease was seen very frequently in pet rabbits in late summer and autumn in a semi-rural area in Sydney. Myxomatosis kills 53% of susceptible rabbits. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\cf0\revised\lang6153\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323219\langnp6153\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \f0\fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Paratuberculosis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6949861 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 A recent study on Kangaroo Island, South Australia found that the prevalence of paratuberculosis in Kangaroo Island kangaroos (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Macropus }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\deleted\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503356323\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\delrsid6949861\charrsid4919035 fuliginosis}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356323\langnp1033\insrsid6949861\charrsid4919035 fuliginos}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356323\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 u}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356323\langnp1033\insrsid6949861\charrsid4919035 s}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and in tammar wallabies}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (M. eugenii)}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 may be more than 1.7%. The presence of free-ranging macropods at ovine paratuberculosis endemic sites could therefore compromise control strategies. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s112\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Rabies \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Terrestrial rabies is enzootic in several species of }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid5265090\charrsid4919035 wild }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 terrestrial carnivores in the USA. Oral rabies vaccination programmes for raccoons (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Procyon lotor}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and other species are ongoing in parts of five states. Rabies was reported in 11 bats from Peru as well as bats and }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8651156\charrsid4919035 \lquote }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 foxes}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8651156\charrsid4919035 \rquote } {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in Colombia. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15294451 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In South Africa, the majority of rabies cases occurred in the central plateau region of the Orange Free State and Northern Cape Provinces, predominately in viverrid species, including yellow mongoose (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 Cynict}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15294451\charrsid10421999 i}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 s }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 penicillata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) (32 confirmed cases), slender mongoose (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Herpestes sanguinea}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) (four confirmed cases) and suricates (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Suricata suricata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) (three confirmed cases). There were also 12 confirmed cases of rabies in bat-eared fox (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Otocyon megalotis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), and two cases in aardwolf (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Proteles cristata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). In the Northern and North-West Province, the black-backed jackal (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Canis mesomelas}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) was the main species involved in rabies outbreaks; the canid virus biotype was the causative agent. It must be remembered that in South Africa, wildlife rabies comprises only about 20% of all reported and confirmed cases.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Namibia,}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 rabies was confirmed in 18 jackal, three greater kudu (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Tragelaphus strepsiceros}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and one small rodent.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Tanzania where rabies is endemic and many species have been affected in the past, an interesting recent report indicates that spotted hyaenas (}{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Crocuta crocuta)}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 may become subclinical carriers of a lyssavirus that differs by only 8.5% (sequence divergence) from the common canid biot ype. 37% of hyaenas were found to be seropositive, and virus could be isolated from the saliva of 45.5% of these seropositive hyaena. None of these hyaena showed any clinical signs, and several infected individuals have been monitored for several years. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In 2001, rabies in Europe was observed and reported from Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Turkey. Rabi es was most commonly observed in red foxes, Raccoon dogs (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Nyctereutes procyonoides}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), mustelids and deer. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate-1503356320\pnrnot1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6949861 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356320\langnp1033\insrsid6949861\charrsid10421999 An outbreak of rabies was reported in Indonesia on the island of Flores. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15294451 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15294451\charrsid10421999 Bat Lyssavirus \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 European Bat Lyssavirus was reported from serotine bats (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 Eptesicus serotinus}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 ) from Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \deleted\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503356320\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\delrsid6949861\charrsid10421999 An outbreak of rabies was reported in Indonesia on the island of Flores. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 The first confirmation was made in 2001 that bat Lyssavirus occurs in Western Australia in }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 Pteropus scapularis }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 (little red flying fox) and }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 P. alecto}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 (black flying fox). There is recent serological evidence of a non-fatal Australian Bat Lyssavirus in megachiropteran and microchiropteran species. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 Surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among populations of bats in the Philippines.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 The presence of past or current }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 Lyssavirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 infection was determined by use of direct fluorescent antibody assays on bat brains and VN assays on bat sera. While no bats were found to have active infection with a }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 Lyssavirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 , 22 had evidence of neutralising antibody against the }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 Australian Bat Lyssavirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid10421999 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15294451\charrsid10421999 infection}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15294451\charrsid10421999 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 (}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 ABLV}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 . Seropositivity was statistically associated with one species of bat}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 , Miniopterus schreibersi.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 Results from the VN assays are consistent with the presence in the Philippines of a naturally occurring }{ \rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 Lyssavirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3031606\charrsid4919035 related to ABLV. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang6153\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323219\langnp6153\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Rabbit haemorrhagic disease \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Two epidemiological studies in rabbits were carried out in southern Australia; one in semi\_arid inland South Australia, and the other in a higher rainfall area near Melbourn e, Victoria. The conclusions from these studies were that both rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and myxomatosis affect these populations each year and few rabbits over one year old remain seronegative for either disease. There is serological evidence tha t antibodies raised against the related calicivirus may be protective against the pathogenic RHD virus. However this nonpathogenic virus has not been isolated.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The disease is most effective in controlling rabbit numbers in arid zones where there is poor recruitment of young into the breeding population. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Seronegative rabbits are less likely to survive RHD outbreaks than seropositive rabbits of the same age. RHD virus remains highly virulent, killing 86% of fully susceptible rabbits that contract the virus. 36 9 rabbits of 700 tested in southern Australia were positive. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 It has been noted that 18 months or longer after the introduction of RHDV there are reductions in the numbers of feral predators, especially cats. At one site, the absence of rabbits led to increased fox predation of mallee fowl (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Leipoa ocellata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) eggs, and at another site to reduction of brush-tail possums}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15294451 .}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 At inland sites where RHD virus has been very effective, at least four species of raptor may be at risk due to reduced reproductive potential due to food shortage. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Trichinellosis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa480\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323219\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Trichinella pseudospiralis}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 was reported in Tasmanian devils (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sarcophilus harisii}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in Australia.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s118\qc \li2268\ri2268\sa480\nowidctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf16 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp80\brdrcf16 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2268\lin2268\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\fs24\expnd12\expndtw60\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Wildlife list diseases}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \scaps\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Angiostrongyliasis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Australia, in 2001, ongoing cases were seen of fatal neurological disease }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14049787\charrsid4919035 due to the rat lungworm }{ \rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14049787\charrsid4919035 A}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid11357368\charrsid4919035 ngiostrongylus}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14049787\charrsid4919035 cantonensis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14049787\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in abnormal mammalian hosts. These included: tammar wallaby, parma wallaby (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Macropus parma}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) hybrid, purple necked rock wallaby (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Petrogale lateralis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), alpaca (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Lama glama paca}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), brush tail possum a tawny frogmouth (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Podargus strigoides}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), and a captive squirrel monkey (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Saimiri sciureus}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Arboviruses}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx426\tx3969\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Arboviruses were implicated in the tammar wallaby sudden death epizootic reported from Queensland, Australia, in December 1998.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 An Orbivirus of the Eubenangee serogroup was isolated. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian circovirus \par }\pard \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14513361 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian circovirus has been detected in Northwest}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4980842\charrsid10421999 crows}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 , }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4980842\charrsid10421999 rock doves }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 and }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4980842\charrsid10421999 ring}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 -}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4980842\charrsid10421999 bill}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14513361\charrsid10421999 ed}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4980842\charrsid10421999 }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14513361\charrsid10421999 gulls }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in Canada and in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) in Europe..}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Circoviral infection and disease is endemic in sulphur crested cockatoos (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Cacatua galerita}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in western Sydney, Australia. In some flocks the prevalence is 80%. The disease has been identified by Environment Australia as a Key Threatening Process to endangered parrot species }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid13711250\charrsid4919035 under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . A Threat Abatement Plan is currently being tendered. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian malaria \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Australia, avian malaria was seen in two wild little penguins (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Eudyptula minor}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in New South Wales. Avian malaria was also seen in a captive Fiordland crested penguin (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Eudyptes pachyrhynchus}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in New South Wales. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323219\langnp1033\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian malaria was seen in a yellow-eyed penguin (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Pygoscelis adeliae}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) juvenile from the Otago Peninsula in New Zealand. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Plasmodium}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp. infection was seen in captive-reared New Zealand dotterel (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Charadrius obscurus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) chicks due to be released onto Stewart Island. The eggs had been taken from the wild, but as there was no indication of the disease in 30 wild birds, the chicks were withheld from release. \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\deleted\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323218\langnp2057\insrsid16647435\delrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian paramyxovirus \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx567\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian paramyxovirus caused mortality of Eurasian collared doves (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Streptopelia decaocto}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in the panhandle of Florida, USA. The Eurasian collared dove is an introduced species that is not native to North America. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx567\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid10506841\charrsid4919035 In Argentina, virus isolates were obtained from cloacal swabs from 3/50 wild birds sampled. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid10506841\charrsid4919035 Paramyxovirus-}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid10506841\charrsid4919035 1 (PMV-1) has been seen in confiscated Houbara bustards (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid10506841\charrsid4919035 Chlamydotis undulata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid10506841\charrsid4919035 ) that were trapped in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Between 60 and 70% of traded birds are seropositive for PMV-1. Viral screening of both live and dead birds at the quarantine unit of the National Avian Research Centre in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, confirms that PMV-1 can be isolated from individuals in most consignments. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian pox \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Australia reported pox in wild silvereyes (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Zosterops lateralis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). New Zealand reported one case in a New Zealand Wood Pigeon (Kereru) (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). \par The disease was seen in confiscated Houbara bustards (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Chlamydotis undulata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) from Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In New Zealand, avian pox was seen in captive-reared New Zealand dotterel (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Charadrius obscurus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) chicks due to be released onto Stewart Island.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The eggs had been taken from the wild, but as there was no indication of the disease in 30 wild birds, the chicks were withheld from release. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian vacuolar myelinopathy \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3969\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was confirmed in three bald eagles (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Haliaeetus leucocephalus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and is suspected in another three eagles that died from mid-November 2001 through mid-January 2002, at Clarks Hill Lake in eastern Georgia, USA. The lake lies along the border with So uth Carolina and is also known as Lake Strom Thurmond. During the current mortality event, AVM was also confirmed in numerous American coots (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Fulica americana}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , and 13 Canada geese (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Branta canadensis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). This lake was the site of an AVM outbreak during the w inter of 2000-2001 that killed 13 bald eagles. During the previous outbreak, AVM was found for the first time in great horned owls (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bubo virginianus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and a killdeer (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Charadrius vociferus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3969\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Lesions of AVM were reproduced experimentally for the first time when researchers fed tissues from affected coots to unreleasable, rehabilitated red-tailed hawks (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Buteo jamaicensis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). Hawks receiving a combination of several tissue types from coots collected during an AVM outbreak developed lesions by 4 weeks despite the a bsence of observable signs of neurological disease. It had long been suspected that eagles acquire AVM via ingestion of other affected birds. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3969\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 First recognised when it killed 29 bald eagles in the winter of 1994-95 in Arkansas, USA, AVM has to date, been co nfirmed or suspected in the deaths of at least 85 eagles in Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, USA. Lesions of AVM were confirmed in several duck species in 1998 at an affected site in North Carolina. The cause of AVM remains undetermi n ed despite extensive diagnostic and research investigations. A natural or manmade neurotoxin is suspected because there has been no evidence of viruses, bacteria, prions, or other infectious agents, and the lesion is consistent with toxicosis. To date, le sions of AVM have not been confirmed in mammals and the effects on mammals, including humans, are unknown. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323218\langnp2057\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Babesiosis/}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Theileria}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 infections in black rhinoceros}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3828\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania, five black rhinoceros (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Diceros bicornis michaeli}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) died with clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions indicative of piroplasmosis. It is not certain whether this piroplasm is a }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Babesia}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 or }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Theileria}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 .}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx3828\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In the Addo National Park in South Africa, deaths of black rhinoceros as a result of babesiosis were also recorded. It would appear that stress activates latent infection in this species.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\deleted\lang1033\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323218\langnp1033\insrsid16647435\delrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bat paramyxovir}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3345582\charrsid4919035 uses}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Nipah and Hendra viruses have been grouped into the genus }{ \rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Henipavirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , within the family }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Paramyxoviridae}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . Menangle and Tioman viruses are grouped within the genus }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Rubulavirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . The other two genera in this family include }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Morbillivirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Respirovirus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . A serological survey of 100 herds of domestic commercial pigs in Queensland for Hendra virus and Nipah virus was negative. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Tioman virus was isolated from the urine of a fruit bat (}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Pteropus hypomelanus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) during a search for Nipah virus on an island off the east coast of peninsular Malaysia.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 This virus is similar to, but distinguishable from, Menangle virus in Australia. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Botulism \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Type E botulism continues to cause high mortality among fish-eating birds, including the common loon (}{\rtlch \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Gavia immer}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) on Lake Erie (USA and Canada).}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Canine distemper \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s65\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4012017 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In the Serengeti ecosystem a suspected outbreak of canine distemper has occurred in }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14513361\charrsid10421999 captive }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 wild dogs }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Lycaon pictus}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . The disease is suspected on the basis of clinical signs and histopathology. The results of virus isolation and PCR are awaited.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14761094\charrsid4012017 Ten free-ranging lions in the }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017 same}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017\charrsid4012017 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14761094\charrsid4012017 ecosystem were opportunistically bled for a random sero-survey}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid7824231\charrsid4012017 and nine were positive for canine distemper.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14761094\charrsid4012017 No clinical signs}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017 of disease}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14761094\charrsid4012017 were evident. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Chytridiomycosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Chytridiomycosis appears to be wide-spread in frogs in Canada. An iridovirus (Reginavirus) has been recognised as an important pathogen in Tigre salamander throughout the salamander\rquote s range in Western Canada. \par A part from the east coast, Adelaide and the south west, Australia reported no new areas with chytridiomycosis infection. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In New Zealand, chytriodiomycosis was previously reported only in the introduced Australian green and gold frog (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Litoria raniformis}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in 1999-2000, and then later sporadically in other }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Litoria }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Five cases were reported in the green and gold bell frog in 2001.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Diagnosis was by histopathology. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The cutaneous, diphtheric and septicaemic forms of the disease were found in July 2001 in New Zealand in an Archey\rquote s frog (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Leiopelma archeyi}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ).}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 This native frog was found dead in the Coromandel, an isolated mountain refuge of this and other native frog species. This represents the first time the disease has been seen in native New Zealand frogs. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14513361 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Recent cloning and sequencing work done in the USA shows that there is little variation among isolates of }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14513361\charrsid10421999 Batrachochytrium}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14513361\charrsid10421999 }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 dendrobatidis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 . These results support the epidemiological data that }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14513361\charrsid10421999 B. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 dendrobatidis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 is an}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 emerging agent recently detec ted and spreading throughout the globe, and that pathogen pollution is a major factor in emergence. These findings justify country surveys for classification of chytrid status and international quarantine measures. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Chronic wasting disease \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\tx0\tx600\tx1200\tx1800\tx2400\tx3000\tx3600\tx4200\tx4800\tx5400\tx6000\tx6600\tx7200\tx7800\tx8400\tx9000\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was detected for the first time in free-ranging wildlife in Canada in 2001. It was recognised in two mule deer (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Odocoileus hemionus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in the Province of Saskatchewan; one killed in November 2000, and the second, from the same geographical area, killed in April 2001. The source of infection for these deer is unknown. The disease is under eradication in farmed wapiti in Saskatchewan. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323217\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx0\tx600\tx1200\tx1800\tx2400\tx3000\tx3600\tx4200\tx4800\tx5400\tx6000\tx6600\tx7200\tx7800\tx8400\tx9000\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In the USA, prior to 2000, the endemic focus of CWD in wild cervids was found in small, contiguous portions of sout h-eastern Wyoming and north-eastern Colorado. However, in 2000-2001, CWD infections were confirmed for the first time in three wild mule deer in Kimball County and in a single wild deer in adjacent Cheyenne County, Nebraska. This area of south-western Neb r aska is adjacent to the previously recognised endemic focus. However, in Sioux County in north-western Nebraska, CWD infections have been found in wild deer inside and outside a high fence enclosure adjacent to a captive wapiti facility in which seven cas es of CWD have been detected since December 2000. Additional surveillance for CWD is underway in the area. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323217\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Some level of targeted surveillance and/or harvest-based surveys for CWD in free-ranging cervids has been conducted and reported in at least 30 US st ates in recent years. Other than the recent findings in Sioux County, Nebraska, no evidence of CWD has been detected in samples collected outside the endemic area. Surveillance is conducted via examination of \lquote target profile\rquote cervids of at least 18 months of age with emaciation and a combination of neurological signs, as well as via testing of hunter-harvested animals or wild cervids collected for examination by wildlife management agencies. In December 2001, animal health and wildlife authorities from Col orado, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming met to discuss regional objectives and to develop plans to control CWD in free-ranging cervid populations. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323217\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx0\tx600\tx1200\tx1800\tx2400\tx3000\tx3600\tx4200\tx4800\tx5400\tx6000\tx6600\tx7200\tx7800\tx8400\tx9000\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In captive cervids, CWD infection was found for the first time in Kansas. The infection was diagnosed in De cember 2001 in a captive wapiti that had been shipped from a CWD-positive commercial wapiti facility in Colorado. This facility shipped exposed animals to captive wapiti operations in 15 states as well as to more than 40 other operations within Colorado. Positive animals were found among the shipped animals on two of the Colorado facilities. To date, CWD infections have been found in captive wapiti in Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323217\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 On 21 September 2001, the US Secretary of Agriculture issued a declaration of emergency concerning CWD in captive cervids. This declaration will allow the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)\rquote s Animal and Plant Inspection Service (APHIS) to obtain US$2.6\~ million in special funds to purch ase positive and exposed captive cervids from CWD-infected or exposed herds, enhance surveillance and diagnostic testing for CWD, and increase training for producers and veterinarians. In February 2002, the USDA published an interim rule in the Federal Re g ister regarding federal indemnification for captive cervids destroyed in CWD control efforts, and made available another US$12.5 million for this purpose. Additionally, APHIS is cooperating with the captive wapiti industry and others to develop a federal programme for the elimination of CWD in captive wapiti. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323217\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx567\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 CWD of cervids is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) related to, but distinct from, scrapie of sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, (also known as mad cow disease). CWD was first r ecognised as a syndrome in cervids in the 1960s and was identified as a TSE in the 1980s. To date there has been no evidence that CWD is transmissible to humans and research studies }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341666\crauth2\crdate644148277\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148277\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 }carried out}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \deleted\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341666\highlight7\crauth2\crdate-1503341666\revauthdel3\revdttmdel-1503341663\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\delrsid10038256\charrsid15414127 {\*\oldcprops \highlight0\crauth2\crdate-1503341666\insrsid15414127\delrsid10038256\charrsid15414127 } to date}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \deleted\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341666\revauthdel3\revdttmdel-1503341663\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\delrsid10038256 ,}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341666\langnp2057\insrsid15414127 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 suggest that the transmissibility to other species, such as cattle, is unlikely. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\prauth1\prdate-1503323217\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Ebola haemorrhagic fever in West Africa}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323217\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 During November and December 2001 and January 2002, several outbreaks of Ebola haemorrhagic fever were reported in humans in Gabon and the Congo. These have been confirmed by the WHO}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\lang1033\langfe1036\super\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\ql \fi-284\li284\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\super\insrsid8783003 \chftn }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \tab }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\crauth1\crdate-1503323217\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate-1503323217\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 }WHO: World Health Organization}}}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . Animal mortalities in these regions were also reported, and one survey by the Wildlife Conservation Society found the carcasses of 30 low-land gorillas, eight common chimpanzees and four c} {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 i}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 rcop}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 i}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 th}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 e}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 cus monkeys, but most had deteriorated/putrified to the point of no diagnostic value. The carcasses of other species not generally associated with Ebola were also found. These included 12 duiker (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sylvicapra }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp.), two genets}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Genetta}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp.)}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , two porcupines (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Hystrix cristata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), one pangolin (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Manis temmincki}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), one elephant }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Loxodonta cyclotis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 and two forest hogs (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Hyloch}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 o}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 erus meinertzhageni }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). Diagnostic samples from one gorilla (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Gorilla gorilla}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), and two genets have been sent for analysis.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323217\langnp1033\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Feline immunodeficiency disease \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4012017 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 There is serological evidence of the }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 feline immunodeficiency disease }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in feral cats (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Felis catus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in Australia. In one study of cats living near rubbish tips in Canberra, 50% were found to be positive.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid16204397\charrsid4919035 Ten free-ranging lions in the Serengeti ecosystem were opportunistically bled for a random sero-survey. Eight were seropositive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017 . }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017\charrsid4012017 No clinical signs}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017 of disease}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid4012017\charrsid4012017 were evident.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid347155 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\deleted\lang1033\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323217\langnp1033\insrsid16647435\delrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 Feline }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid347155\charrsid10421999 viral diseases in feral cats}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid347155 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid7817732\charrsid10421999 There is s}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 erological evidence of feline leukaemia}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid347155\charrsid10421999 and}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid347155\charrsid10421999 feline panleukopaenia }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 in feral cats in Australia. However, in }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid347155\charrsid10421999 a }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 study of }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid347155\charrsid10421999 feline leukaemia in }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 feral cats in Canberra}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid347155\charrsid10421999 , the disease was not seen}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 . \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Haemonchosis in Sable antelope in South Africa \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Clinical verminosis with anaemia, caused by }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Haemonchus contortus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , was diagnosed in farmed sable antelope (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Hippotragus niger) }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Japanese encephalitis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 For the first time in 1998 sentinel pigs on the Australian mainland seroconverted to Japanese encephalitis (JE). This corresponded with two human infections, one on Badu Island in the Torr es Strait and }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid10506841\charrsid4919035 one in }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 a fisherman in Mitchell River, 550 km south of the Torres Strait. Following two wet seasons in 2000 and 2001, sentinel pigs again seroconverted in the Torres Strait, but there were no clinical cases in humans or animals. \par In parts of India, JE is encroaching into areas in which a closely related virus (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid3345582\charrsid4919035 West Nile virus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), is endemic and both viruses appear to be able to co-circulate.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 JE is now enzootic in PNG (Papua New Guinea) despite the presence of co-circulating flaviruses MVE (Murray Valley encephalitis), KUN (Kunjin), KOK (Kokobera), Dengue and Sepik virus. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Australia over 75 arboviruses have been identified, with 12 viruses being of public health concern. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Malignant catarrhal fever \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 With the expansion of the game ranching industry in South Africa, the interface between cattle and wildebeest is progressively enlarging. This has resulted in an increased incidence of Alcelaphine herpes 1-associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s112\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Mass mortality of frogs \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Mass mortality among common frogs (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Rana temporaria}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) was reported in the UK in 2001. The mortality was demonstrated to be caused by a ranavirus (family }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Iridoviridae}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). How this virus was introduced into the frog population in the UK is uncertain, but it may have been through importation of infected amphibians or fish. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Mycobacteriosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 A fat tailed dunnart (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sminthopsis crassicaudata}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) from the Northern Territory Australia, has been found to have widespread mycobacterial infection. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Two cases of pyogranulomatous pneumonia due to mycobacterios is were seen in New Zealand sea lions (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Phocarctos hookeri}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) from the Auckland Islands.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Culture results are pending. These represent the first report of the disease in New Zealand sea lions. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323217\langnp1033\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Salmonellosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Australia, health authorities are currently inves tigating a cluster of }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Salmonella typhimurium}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 phage type 170 in people in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The majority of infected individuals became ill in October and November 2001.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 There are reports of exposure to livestock, and some affected people live in rural areas.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The national database records phage type 170 being isolated from a tammar wallaby, antelopine kangaroo (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Macropus antilopinus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), a wallaroo (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Macropus robustus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), and emus (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Dromaius nov}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356325\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 a}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ehollandiae}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ).}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 There is no link with the New Zea land phage type 160. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Salmonella typhimurium}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 phage type 160 caused two cases of gastroenteritis in New Zealand in 1998 and 1999, 1802 cases in 2000, and 2275 cases in 2001. Affected individuals were likely to have contacted wild birds. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The human disease followed extensive outbreaks in passerines in New Zealand.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 New Zealand reported 100 passerine cases of salmonellosis in 2001. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Two wild magpie larks (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Grallina cyanoleuca}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in New South Wales died from fibrinous coelomitis associated with }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 S.\~typhimurium}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 infection.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 } {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Phage typing indicated the latter was different to the rainbow lorikeet type. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s112\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang6153\langfe1036\langnp6153\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sarcoptic mange \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sarcoptic mange is still reported to be a common disease in the Northern European red fox and raccoon dog and to be occasionally observed in lynx (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Lynx lynx}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), pine marten (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Martes martes}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and wolf (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Canis lupus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). In central and southern Europe sarcoptic mange was reported to occur in red deer, roe deer (}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Capreolus capreolus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), chamois and hedgehog (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Erinaceus europaeus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Australia reported a new sarcoptiform mite (fr om a genus other than }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Sarcoptes}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in a short beaked echidna (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Tachyglossus aculeatus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid347155 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 Trichomon}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid347155\charrsid10421999 ia}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid10421999 sis \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Trichomoniasis cases were reported in several avian species in the USA and in Peru. The disease also was commonly encountered in wild columbids submitted du ring surveillance for West Nile virus. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14839662 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The disease was seen in wild king parrots (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Alisterus scapularis}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in Victoria, Australia, and was associated with epizootics of emaciation, dehydration and enteritis. It was also reported from pigeons (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Columba livia}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), little penguins (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Eudyptula minor}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) and boobook owls (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Ninox novaeseelandiae}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ). \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Toxoplasmosis \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503356324\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6949861 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \qj \li0\ri0\sa360\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6949861 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Pademelons (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Thy}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356324\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 l}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ogale billard}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503356324\langnp1033\insrsid6949861 i}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 er}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\deleted\lang1033\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503356324\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\delrsid6949861\charrsid4919035 i}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 i}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) in Tasmania were reported with blindness due to severe chorioretinitis associated with }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Toxoplasma }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp. infection. A wild southern brown bandicoot (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Isoodon obesulus}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) was reported with systemic toxoplasmosis. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s118\qc \li2268\ri2268\sa480\nowidctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf16 \brdrl\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp80\brdrcf16 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \brdrr\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp60\brdrcf15 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin2268\lin2268\rtlgutter\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\ai\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\i\fs24\expnd12\expndtw60\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Additional diseases}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \scaps\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s112\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 West Nile virus \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx426\tx3969\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 West Nile virus (WNV) occurred in American crows and in Blue Jays in one region of southern Ontario, Canada, in the summer of 2001. 128 positi ve birds were detected in a sample of about 3,000 tested.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 WNV}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 mortality occurred in wild birds throughout the eastern and mid-western USA this year. }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 WNV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that had not been reported in the Western Hemisphere until autumn 1999 when it was recognised in wild birds, humans, and horses in the greater New York City area. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\prauth1\prdate-1503356324\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6949861 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6949861 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\cf1\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323217\langnp2057\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The virus continues to expand both geographically and in the number of species infected. WNV has been isolated from over 80 species of birds, including 62 free-ranging species from Washington, D.C., and from }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\deleted\fs20\cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503356324\langnp2057\insrsid10318558\delrsid6949861\charrsid4919035 the }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\fs20\cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 28 states of the USA. During 2001, additional human cases occurred with five deaths, and infections were documented in 347 domestic horses from 18\~states. The virus has been isolated from 21 mosquito species since 1999, including species active at dawn and dusk, species active during the day, and species that feed on both avian and mammalian hosts. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Wild bird mortality is a key indicator of WNV activity in an area. Several native bird species, particularly the American crow (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Corvus brachyrhynchos}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ), appear to be highly susceptible. In 2001, WNV infections were confirmed in more than 4,500 crows. An enhanced passive surveillance system for reporting and testing dead birds has been the leading surveillance tool fo r public health agencies. Preliminary results of WNV studies at the National Wildlife Health Center indicate that crows die within 4-7 days after inoculation and that bird-to-bird viral transmission occurs in the absence of mosquito vectors under experime ntal conditions. The impact of WNV on the American crow and other wild bird populations is unknown. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6309972 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 An outbreak of WNV disease was observed in horses in France, in 2000. Serological surveillance has been carried out in waterfowl}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid6649201\charrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid6309972 in }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 2001 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid6649201\charrsid4919035 and }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 no evidence of WNV circulation has been detected}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\super\langnp2057\insrsid347155 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar \qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\prauth1\prdate-1503323216\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid12216287 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\super\insrsid8783003\charrsid10421999 \chftn }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\charrsid10421999 \tab Websites with additional information on WNV: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li284\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid347155 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\charrsid10421999 http://nationalatlas.gov/virusmap.html \par http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/http_data/nwhc/news/westnil2.html \par http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm \par http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/westnile/index.htm \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li284\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0\pararsid347155 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\charrsid10421999 http://www.wildlife.usask.ca}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \deleted\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323216\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\delrsid12216287\charrsid10421999 \par }}}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Adelie penguin (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Pygoscelis adeliae}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) mortality \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 A total of 99 of 15,000 birds from two island colonies at Mawson Station, Antarctica, were found dead in November 2001. Deaths in such numbers are rare according to historic records.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The numbers of Adelie penguins have been gradually declining in Antarctica, and it is thought that climate change may be the cause. There is also the possibility of skuas ( }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Catharacta maccormicki}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) introducing disease. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Focal alopecia in sea lions (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Phocarctos hookeri}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Focal alopecia was noted in }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 New Zealand in}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sea lion pups, juveniles, and some adults.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Pathology suggested a fungal lesion, but the only fungi cultured included }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Fusarium}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp., }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Phoma}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp., and a coelomycete fungus.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 All of these are likely soil contaminants.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The severity of the histological lesion suggests that the fungus is not well host-adapted to sea lions. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Gyps}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 genus vultures \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Gyps}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 genus vultures h}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ave almost disappeared from India, possibly from an unknown viral disease.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The disease appears to be spreading towards Afghanistan.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Some factors may include the recent massive expansion of the Indian poultry industry as a potential source of novel avian viruses for vultures.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The decrease in vulture numbers is already leading to an increase in the number of semi-feral dogs around villages, and a rise in rabies cases is feared.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The loss of the major scavenger will have multiple effects on humans, domestic and wild animals through disease and other factors. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Lymphoma/retrovirus infection \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Six cases of lym phoma were seen in wild native snakes over the past 6 months in Australia. The Pathology Registry at Taronga Zoo is procuring funding to investigate whether these are associated with retrovirus infections. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\cf0\revised\lang1033\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323216\langnp1033\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Papilloma virus \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14839662 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In Australia, multiple proliferat ive masses have been seen on mucocutaneous junctions of captive and wild Western barred bandicoots (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Perameles bougainville}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ) morphologically consistent with papillomas.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Reports of the disease were received from around the country as animals were moved from the island population to recovery team members on the mainland. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid6649201\charrsid4919035 A}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 nimals}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid6649201\charrsid4919035 with lesions}{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 have only been seen from a specific area of one island (Bernier Island). There has been no evidence of the disease in any other mammal species on other islands in the grou p. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Spirochetosis-Potoroo - Australia \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Spirochetosis due to large numbers of spirochete-like bacteria (possibly }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Treponema}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 sp.) was seen in cases of balanoposthitis in captive and wild Gilbert's potoroo (}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Potorous gilbertii}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 )}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 .}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 There was a good response to treatment with penicillin.}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 There appeared to be no adverse effects on fertility. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \deleted\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323216\langnp2057\insrsid16647435\delrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Wobbly possum disease \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Wobbly possum disease}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 was first identified in a captive research colony in New Zealand in }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Trichosurus vulpecula}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 in 1995. }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid6649201\charrsid4919035 A}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ffected possums show progressive ne urological signs and the disease results in 95% mortality. The disease has also been seen in free-ranging possums. It has been associated with virus-like particles in tissues of affected animals and an unclassified enveloped RNA virus has been isolated. E xperimental inoculations have reproduced the disease, however the identity of the agent has yet to be determined. Infection in the wild can be spread by social contact. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s124\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 2.\tab Review of progress of Wildlife Disease Working Group over the past 10 years \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group is satisfied to notice that the awareness of the significance of wildlife diseases has increased world-wide during the ten years that the Group has been in operation. The number of countries reporting wildlife diseases has also increased, but is still on ly around 25% of the total number of OIE Member Countries. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3691962 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Working Group on Wildlife Diseases first met in 1993 and held its 10}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid3691962 th}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 meeting in February 2002. Every year the Group has reviewed the occurrence of wild animal diseases. Some of the other main topics addressed by the Group at each of its meetings are as follows: \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 March 1993 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Working Group was established to identify those wildlife diseases of concern to Member Countries and those that should be considered for reporting to the OIE. The first qu estionnaire was sent to Member Countries, and 38% responded. The first wildlife disease list containing 30 diseases}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid6649201\charrsid4919035 was established}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 . The Working Group recommended that in addition all List A and B diseases should be reported. Translocation of wildlife was recognised as an activity that had important animal health risks including spread of List A and B diseases. It was recommended that OIE establish a list of wildlife diseases consultants and a database of relevant scientific literature. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 February 1994 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Gr oup recommended that the Delegate of each Member Country should assign to an appropriate person the responsibility of facilitating wildlife disease surveillance and reporting to the OIE. The health risks to Member Countries associated with wild animal tra n slocations, including animal exchanges among zoos, were highlighted. The Group discussed the major problem of the validity of standard diagnostic tests when applied to different animal species. Most diagnostic tests have not been validated for more than a small number of domestic species and some tests give false results when applied to other species. Five recommendations regarding vaccination of wildlife were made. In addition, the Group strongly discouraged development and deployment of contraceptive vac cines unless they are species-specific and do not employ transmissible vectors such as genetically engineered viruses. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323216\langnp2057\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 June 1995 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Disappointing levels of responses to the wildlife disease questionnaire from Member Countries were discussed and some mechanism s for improvement were recommended. Health risks associated with international translocation of wildlife were a major focus of the meeting. Health risk assessment was recommended as an essential pre-condition to translocation and some elements of risk ass essment were outlined. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 September 1996}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The environmental safety of contraceptive vaccines was discussed. Several diseases of emerging international importance were discussed at length with emphasis on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and bovine tube rculosis in both farmed and free-ranging wildlife. Recommendations were made to the International Committee regarding bovine tuberculosis and wildlife contraception technologies. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\deleted\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323216\langnp2057\insrsid16647435\delrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 October 1997}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The current status of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, bovine tuberculosis, canine distemper and rabies in wildlife were discussed. Emerging diseases were defined and several diseases in wildlife were considered to meet the defining criteria. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 June 1998}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Wild animal translocation was again discussed at length, and the health risks associated with such translocations were again emphasised to Member Countries and preliminary plans were made to prepare guidelines to assess health risks in wildlife translocations. Member Countries were urged to establish formal pr ogrammes of wildlife disease surveillance. Data requirements to demonstrate freedom from a disease in wild animals and intervention strategies for wildlife, such as vaccination, were discussed. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 October 1999}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The compartmentalisation of diseases between wild and domestic animals was discussed at length. The Group concluded that the occurrence in one compartment does not automatically imply occurrence in the other and each situation must be evaluated separately. Compartmentalisation was considered possible for both Newcastle disease and classical swine fever if criteria of separation of the compartment can be met. Definitions were established for the terms \lquote domestic\rquote , \lquote feral\rquote , \lquote captive wildlife\rquote and \lquote wild \rquote , as applied to wild and domestic animals. A draft of guidelines for health risk assessment in wild animal translocations was reviewed and approved, and expansion of List B to include several diseases of Cervidae was recommended. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 April 2000}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group recommended that a Reference Laboratory for tularaemia be established. The final internet-accessible version of Guidelines for Health Risk Assessment in Wildlife Translocations was approved. Chapter topics for a wildlife issue of the OIE }{ \rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Scientific and Technical Review}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 were identified, together with appropriate autho rs and reviewers}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid4392357\charrsid4919035 . A}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 draft of \lquote Post-mortem-procedures for Wildlife Veterinarians and Field Biologists\rquote was reviewed. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 March 2001 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323216\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group discussed the health risks associated with the use of wild animals and products as food for domestic animals. It urged the OIE to make a formal evaluation of these health rules. The OIE Standards Commission agreed to survey Reference Laboratories with respect to the validation of standard diagnostic procedures when applied to wildlife species. The Group requested to the C ode Commission that the definition of the word \lquote animal\rquote be expanded to include wild animals explicitly. Several amphibian diseases were highlighted as an emerging disease of international significance. The Group recommended to the Fish }{ \rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323216\langnp2057\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Diseases Commission that they incorporate these diseases within its remit. Foot and mouth disease in European wildlife was discussed. The absence of any historical information on this topic, particularly with respect to wild boar, was identified as a major problem in evaluat ion of wildlife risks in the current epizootic. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid5969459 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid5969459 In conclusion t}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 he assembly and review of wildlife disease occurrence data from around the world each year has been a useful undertaking that has highlighted internationally important diseases, significant prob lems in diagnosis of disease, and emerging disease issues. The annual discussion of these data has permitted the Group to inform the International Committee on these issues. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group is concerned that the OIE receives very little information on wild animal diseases from much of the world:}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid14839662 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Asia, South and Central America, Africa and the Middle East. Mechanisms to achieve information flow from these areas are greatly needed. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The dominant concerns of the Group have been the surveillance of wild animal disease s, and the application of knowledge gained from surveillance to health issues within the scope of the OIE. The Group has addressed these concerns through recommendations to the OIE and Member Countries, through cooperative interaction with the OIE Special i st Commissions and through a series of direct or cooperative publications: Guidelines for Health Risk Analysis in Wild Animal Translocations (2000), Post-mortem Procedures for Wildlife Veterinarians and Field Biologists (2001), Quarantine and Health Scree ning Protocols for Wildlife Prior to Translocation and Release into the Wild (2001), and one issue of the OIE }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Scientific and Technical Review}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (Vol. }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 21}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (1), parts 1 and 2, April-August 2002). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 3.\tab }{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf1\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Compartmentalisation}{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group discussed the situation regarding compartmentalisation of diseases that occur in wildlife but present no threat of spread to domestic animals. The Group recognises the definition of compartment as an autonomous epidemiological entity defined on the basis of either geography (zone), such a s the situation with FMD confined to African buffalo within the KNP and adjacent game reserves in South Africa, or management (enterprise) for the purpose of international trade. The Working Group reviewed the 1999 report on compartmentalisation and concu rred with the previous conclusions that: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s109 \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \fi-360\li786\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx786\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11 \jclisttab\tx786\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\pnrauth1\pnrdate-1503356326\pnrstart0\pnrxst2\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst0\pnrxst41\pnrxst0\pnrstop6\pnrstart1\pnrrgb1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9 \pnrstart2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc4\pnrnfc2\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc1\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr1\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin786\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 One generalised OIE position is not appropriate to address all List A diseases with wildlife involvement; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s109 \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2)\tab} There should be a general procedure to address the potential significance of wildlife involvement with List A diseases; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s109 \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 3)\tab} There should be specific guidelines for assessing the risk represented by wildlife involvement with respect to each disease. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Consequently, the Group recognised the impossibility of compartmentalisation of highly infectious disease when there is a diffuse interface between livestock or poultry and infected wildlife. However, when an enterprise is managed to preclude introduction of diseases from wildlife, as may be the case with highly developed production facilities that block the wildlife/domest i c animal interface, it may be possible to maintain disease-free status in the domestic animal compartment. This status will be based on thorough knowledge of the disease epidemiology, particularly regarding wildlife, and demonstration that all risks have been mitigated. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In view of these statements, the Working Group stands by its previous positions regarding compartmentalisation of the domestic animal enterprises and maintenance or establishment of disease-free status when Newcastle disease virus is present in wild birds or classical swine fever virus is present in wild suids. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\revauth1\revdttm-1503323216\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 4.}{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid3613694\charrsid4919035 \tab }{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 National preparedness for exotic/foreign disease incursion into wildlife populations \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Working Group urges Member Countries to recognise the importance of wild animals as potenti al reservoirs and targets of exotic diseases, and to include wild animals when planning possible responses to incursions of such diseases. National preparedness for incursions of exotic diseases must include assembling up-to-date information on the demogr aphy of susceptible wild animal species and development of a range of feasible procedures that can be used to prevent transmission of diseases between livestock and wildlife and spread of disease within wild animal populations. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang4105\langfe1036\langnp4105\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 During an incursion of an exo tic animal disease, susceptible wild animals may become infected and act as reservoirs and sources of new infections for livestock, thereby prolonging outbreaks and trade embargoes, complicating eradication and control efforts and thereby magnifying the e c onomic damage to livestock and related industries. Wild animals themselves can be harmed by exotic diseases. They can experience morbidity and mortality, reproductive loss, and increased predation when an exotic disease to which they are susceptible is in troduced. As a result, a nation\rquote s natural capital, its natural resources and associated ecologies and economies, can be significantly affected through the impact of disease on wild animals. Wild animals also can be harmed and diminished by exotic disease in control activities when these include destruction, confinement or harassment of wildlife. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa480\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323215\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang4105\langfe1036\langnp4105\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Effective planning for responses to exotic diseases incursions must accord to wildlife the same degree of thought and detailed attention now given only to livestock. Complete information about a country\rquote s susceptible wildlife populations must be assembled. This is the information required to evaluate the risk and rates of disease transmission between livestock and wildlife, and the potential of disease to spread withi n wildlife populations. A wildlife consultative network of wildlife and veterinary expertise should be created and deployed to develop a range of methods that could be used to reduce the risk of transmission of disease from livestock to wildlife in the ev e nt of an exotic disease outbreak, or to limit or prevent its spread among wild animals. These actions will establish the necessary information, lines of communication, and science-based plans to achieve exotic disease preparedness with respect to wild ani m als. It was reported that Australia has recently created an organisation precisely to address this issue. Under the existing Wildlife Exotic Disease Preparedness Programme, the Australian Wildlife Heath Network is being established. The network will inclu de dissemination of surveillance information, and a national data base of diagnostic data and wildlife experts. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 5.\tab Emerging diseases of wildlife \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li425\ri0\sa480\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323215\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12216287 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group is aware that there will always be emerging diseases, both in domestic animals and wildlife. The Group is also convinced that monitoring wildlife diseases is the best tool to discover novel diseases and new agents. It is also of great importance to have an early warning system to be able to discover an emerging disease, and to have specimen and serum bank s to be able to evaluate the status of newly discovered diseases. Good communication between scientists concerning novel diseases is also important in order to ascertain the status of emerging diseases. The Group wishes to point out the importance of these diseases. This area is therefore covered in several chapters in the newly published OIE }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Scientific Technical Review}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , Infectious Diseases of Wildlife, Vol. }{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 21}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (1). \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 6.\tab Veterinary Public Health in developing countries: bush meat \endash food security and food safety \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \fi-567\li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 a)\tab Food security \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Bush meat is recognised as a very important component of the diet of many of the world's rural poor. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323215\langnp2057\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 However, it has been suggested that the current rates of exploitation, especially where these are on a commercial basis, are probably no n-sustainable in the long-term and may even lead to the local extinction of some endangered species, such as the great apes (gorillas and chimpanzees) and forest elephants in Western Africa. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s30\qj \fi-567\li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 b)\tab Food safety \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 There are also important health implications assoc iated with bush meat. The potential food safety issues regarding the handling and consumption of bush meat should therefore be recognised.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid4919035 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid4919035\charrsid4919035 Evidence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection has been reported for 26 different species of African non-h uman primates, many of which are regularly hunted and sold as bushmeat. Additional reports are beginning to connect non-human primates with Ebola virus}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid4919035 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid4919035\charrsid4919035 and deaths have resulted from outbreaks of diarrhoea linked to the consumption of bushmeat. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In the south ern forests of the Central African Republic there are reports of a 41.6% seroprevalence for Ebola virus }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid14565027\charrsid4919035 and fatal cases of Ebola virus infection have resulted from the butchering and consumption of a chimpanzee which was found dead}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 .. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth2\prdate-1503341665\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid15414127 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid15414127 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In East and West Afric a, Rift Valley fever (RVF) is endemic in the pastoral zones. RVF is responsible for serious morbidity and mortality in humans and in wild and domestic animals. }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid15745545\charrsid4919035 Meat from RVF infected animal is generally considered safe to consumers, however, there is danger of exposure during }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\crauth2\crdate644148278\langnp2057\insrsid15745545\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148278\insrsid15745545\charrsid4223163 }b}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm-1503341665\crauth2\crdate644148278\langnp2057\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148278\insrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 }u}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \deleted\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\crauth2\crdate644148278\revauthdel2\revdttmdel-1503341665\langnp2057\insrsid15745545\delrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148278\insrsid15745545\delrsid15414127\charrsid4223163 }a}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\crauth2\crdate644148278\langnp2057\insrsid15745545\charrsid4223163 {\*\oldcprops \crauth2\crdate644148278\insrsid15745545\charrsid4223163 }tchering}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid15745545\charrsid4919035 and handling.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Proposals to introduce domestic livestock into the cleared forests of Western Africa as an alternative food source to wild bush meat could have negative ecological impacts and could amplify local endemic infections of public health concern. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s66\qj \li992\ri0\sa480\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth1\prdate-1503323215\adjustright\rin0\lin992\itap0\pararsid12216287 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \s66\qj \li993\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid12216287 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The OIE Working Group recommends that the disease implications of novel substitutes for bush meat be carefully considered and evaluated with regard to food security and food safety. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 7.\tab Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for wildlife diseases \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 In May 2000, at the request of the OIE Working Group on Wildlife Diseases and the Standards Commission, the OIE Central Bureau sent a letter to the OIE Reference Laboratories asking them which diagnostic tests they are using for wildlife species, whether the test had been validated for use in species other than the common domestic animals, and whether any differences had been observed in the sensitivity and specificity of the tests between domestic and wild species. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Of the 119 Reference laboratories, 36 replied giving the list of tests known to be used in wildlife. There are 173 tests for 32 diseases listed. Among these, very few had been actually validated for specific use in wildlife}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \cs17\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\super\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \cs17\lang2057\langfe1036\super\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \chftn }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \tab }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\crauth1\crdate-1503323215\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 {\*\oldcprops \fs20\crauth1\crdate-1503323215\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 }ASF direct immunofluorescence, CSF virus isolation in wild boars, Rabies FAT, Rabies fluorescent focus inhibition test, Rabies ELISA in foxes, tuberculosis ELISA in seals, Brucellosis rose bengal test in bison and cervids, TSE (CWD ?) in mule deer and elk, Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in wild goats, Parapox virus characterisation by various methods excluding PCR, and trichinellosis detection by direct methods.}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323215\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s20\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\s20\qj \fi-284\li284\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\pnrauth1\pnrdate-1503323215\pnrnot1\adjustright\rin0\lin284\itap0 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323215\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 \par \par \par }}}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 , and those that are validated have involved direct characterisation of the pathogen, not the immune response. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth2\prdate1717836785\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth1\revdttm-1503323215\langnp2057\insrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group is not concerned by the diagnostic methods for the detection of the antigen or its genome, but expresses concern for those tests designed to detect antibodies or cytokines. The Group decided to pursue the evaluation of diagnostic test specificity and sensitivity in wildlife by focusing on a limited list of diseases that are considered important for reporting, international trade and/or food safety. The diseases to be considered are: FMD, rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants, Rift Valley fever, bluetongue/haemorrhagic }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \deleted\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel2\revdttmdel-1503341665\langnp2057\insrsid10430633\delrsid15414127 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\prauth2\prdate-1503341665\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid15414127 {\*\oldpprops \pard \ltrpar \s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid15414127 }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 disease, classical swine fever and pestivirus infections, all forms of brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis and equine viral arteritis. For this purpose each relevant OIE Reference Laboratory will be directly contacted by the OIE, and Group members will communicate directly with the Reference Laboratories to evaluate more precisely which tests can or cannot be recommended for the detection of these diseases in non-dom estic species, and possibly to recommend the development of new tests.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid10028457\charrsid4919035 The Standards Commission will be kept informed of the results of these queries and their input on }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid5790869\charrsid4919035 future}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid10028457\charrsid4919035 actions will be requested.}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 8.\tab Feedback from the Wildlife Disease issue of the OIE }{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \i\fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Scientific and Technical Review}{\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 This wildlife issue is 98% complete, is on track and will be published on time in April. Due to the size of the volume (420 pages), it was decided to split the volume into two parts, Vol. }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 21}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (1) as the April 2002 release and Vol. }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 21}{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 (2) as the August 2002 release. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\f1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 9.\tab Other matters \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Web site \par }\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Dr Marc Artois and Members of the Ad hoc Group met with the Head of the Information Department of the OIE, Dr Karim Ben Jebara, and discussed various possibilities for the layout and organis ation of the Web site. Dr Artois will meet with Dr Ben Jebara at a later date to discuss and plan the Web site further. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\deleted\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\revauthdel1\revdttmdel-1503323215\langnp2057\insrsid16647435\delrsid12216287 \page }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Frog diseases \par }\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 The Group noted with concern the recent UK frog mortality event. The severity of amphibian viral and fungal disease justifies country surveys for classification of chytrid and }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid6369720\charrsid4919035 iridovirus disease }{\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 status and international quarantine measures. The Group recommends that the next steps for the OIE would be to establish: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s69 \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \fi-357\li1418\ri0\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1418\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16 \jclisttab\tx1418\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\pnrauth1\pnrdate-1503356326\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst45\pnrxst0\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9 \pnrstart2\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc9\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr9\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid9854126 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 quarantine requirements \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s69 \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}movement restrictions \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s69 \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}in-country monitoring requirements \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s69 \rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \fi-357\li1418\ri0\sa240\widctlpar \jclisttab\tx1418\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16 \jclisttab\tx1418\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls16\pnrauth1\pnrdate-1503356326\pnrstart0\pnrxst1\pnrxst0\pnrxst45\pnrxst0\pnrstop4\pnrstart1\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrrgb0\pnrstop9 \pnrstart2\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc23\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc12\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrnfc0\pnrstop18\pnrstart3\pnrpnbr12\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0 \pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrpnbr0\pnrstop36\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid9854126 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 classification of countries by diseases status. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s69\qj \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid5647125\charrsid4919035 The Fish Diseases Commission has scheduled an expert to meet with the Group to discuss future activities on this area. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ____________ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par \par \par .../Appendices \par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sa600\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \ul\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Appendix I}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s125\qc \li0\ri0\sb840\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1 \ltrch \insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 MEETING OF THE OIE WORKING GROUP ON WILDLIFE DISEASES \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s126\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1 \ltrch \insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Paris, 18 \endash 20 February 2002 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s126\qc \li0\ri0\sa480\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab0\af1 \ltrch \b0\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\insrsid12536290\charrsid12216287 {\*\oldcprops \b\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\insrsid12536290\charrsid12216287 }______ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\qc \li0\ri0\sa720\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Agenda \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\f0\fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 1.\tab Epidemiological review of selected wildlife diseases 2001 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s124\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\f0\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 2.\tab Review of progress of Wildlife Disease Working Group over the past 10 years \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qj \fi-426\li426\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin426\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\f0\fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 3.\tab }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\f0\fs20\cf1\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Compartmentalisation}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\f0\fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par 4.\tab National preparedness for exotic/foreign disease incursion into wildlife populations \par 5.\tab Emerging diseases of wildlife \par 6.\tab Veterinary Public Health in developing countries: bush meat \endash food security and food safety \par 7.\tab Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for wildlife diseases \par 8.\tab Feedback from the Wildlife Disease issue of the OIE }{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\i\f0\fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Scientific and Technical Review}{\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch \b0\f0\fs20\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-425\li425\ri0\sa480\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 9.\tab Other matters \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 ____________ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sa480\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \page \page }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \ul\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Appendix II}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s125\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1 \ltrch \insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 MEETING OF THE OIE WORKING GROUP ON WILDLIFE DISEASES \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s126\qc \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1 \ltrch \insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 Paris, 18 \endash 20 February 2002 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s126\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab0\af1 \ltrch \b0\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\insrsid12536290\charrsid12216287 {\*\oldcprops \b\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\insrsid12536290\charrsid12216287 }______ \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs20 \ltrch \f1\fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 List of participants \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\nowidctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 MEMBERS \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\cols3\colsx283\endnhere\titlepg\srauth1\srdate-1503323221\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart {\*\oldsprops \margtsxn1418\binfsxn1\binsxn1\psz9\sbknone\linex0\cols3\colsx283\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart }\pard\plain \ltrpar \ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr M.H. Woodford }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 (}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \i\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 President}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 )}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Quinta Margarita \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\tx2836\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 c/o Apartado 2158101 Loule CodexAlgarvePORTUGALTel: 351-289 999 556 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: dinton@aol.com \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\tx2836\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr T. M\'f6rner \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Senior Veterinary Officer \par Associate Professor \par Department of Wildlife \par National Veterinary Institute \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 751 89 Uppsala}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \caps\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 SWEDEN \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Tel: (46-18) 67 4214 \par Fax: (46-18) 30 9162 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: torsten.morner@sva.se \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \column Dr R. Bengis \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Veterinary Investigation Centre \par P.O. Box 12 \par Skukuza 1350 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \caps\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 South Africa \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Tel: (27-13) 735 5641 \par Fax: (27-13) 735 5155 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: royb@nda.agric.za \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr J. Fischer \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s111\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1033\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 College of Veterinary Medicine \par University of Georgia \par Athens - GA 30602 \par USA \par Tel: (1-706) 542 1741 \par Fax: (1-706) 542 5865 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: jfischer@vet.uga.edu \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \column Dr M. Artois \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Ecole Nationale V\'e9t\'e9rinaire de LyonD\'e9 partement de sant\'e9 publique v\'e9t\'e9rinaireUnit\'e9 pathologie infectieuseLaboratoire d'\'e9pid\'e9miologie et taxonomie mol\'e9culaireBP 8369280 Marcy l'EtoileFRANCETel: (33-4) 78 87 27 74Fax: (33-4) 78 87 27 74E-mail: m.artois@vet-lyon.fr \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr Stephanie Haigh \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Unit 40 \par 1-7 Hampden Ave \par Cremorne, NSW 2090 \par AUSTRALIA \par Tel: (61-2) 9953 2090 \par Fax: (61-2) 9604 0447 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: sahaigh@yahoo.com.au \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri-1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-1\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp20 \tx3402\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\f1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\srauth1\srdate-1503323221\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart {\*\oldsprops \margtsxn1418\binfsxn1\binsxn1\psz9\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp20 \tx3402\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\f1\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 OTHER PARTICIPANTS \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\cols3\colsx287\endnhere\titlepg\srauth1\srdate-1503323221\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart {\*\oldsprops \margtsxn1418\binfsxn1\binsxn1\psz9\sbknone\linex0\cols3\colsx287\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr F.A. Leighton \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11684345 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid11684345 , }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Department of Veterinary Pathology \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 University of Saskatchewan \par Saskatoon \par Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 \par CANADA \par Tel: (1.306) 966 72 81 \par Fax: (1. 306) 966 74 39 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: ted.leighton@usask.ca \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \column }{\rtlch \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr Philippe Chardonnet \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Director \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Fondation Internationale pour la Sauvegarde de la Faune (IGF) \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 15 rue de T\'e9h\'e9ran \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 75008 Paris}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm644166284\langnp2057\insrsid12536290 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\pnrauth2\pnrdate644166284\pnrnot1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\cf0\revised\lang2057\langfe1036\revauth2\revdttm644166284\langnp2057\insrsid8783003 FRANCE}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid8783003\charrsid2171216 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Tel: (33.1) 56 59 77 55 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Fax: (33.1) 56 59 77 56}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid11684345 \par }{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail : igf@fondation-igf.fr \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx3969\tx5103\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \column Dr Riccardo Orusa \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Istituto Zooprofillatttico Sperimentale \par del Piemonte, Liguria e valle d'Aosta \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \ab0\af0\afs18 \ltrch \b0\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dipartimento di Aosta, Sezione di Aosta, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le malattie degli animali selvatici \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Via Guido Rey, 5 \par 11100 Aosta \par ITALY \par Tel: 0039-0165-238558 \par Fax: 0039-0165-236775 \par E-mail: riccardo.o@netvallee.it \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\nowidctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tx3402\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect \psz9\sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\srauth1\srdate-1503323221\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart {\*\oldsprops \margtsxn1418\binfsxn1\binsxn1\psz9\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s2\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\nowidctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp20 \tx3402\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af1\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\f1\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af1\afs20 \ltrch \fs20\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 OIE CENTRAL BUREAU \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx3402\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\cols2\endnhere\titlepg\srauth1\srdate-1503323221\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart {\*\oldsprops \margtsxn1418\binfsxn1\binsxn1\psz9\sbknone\linex0\cols2\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx3402\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr B. Vallat \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Director General \par 12 rue de Prony \par 75017 Paris \par FRANCE \par Tel: (33-1) 44.15.18.88 \par Fax: (33-1) 42.67.09.87 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: oie@oie.int \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \b\fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \column Dr J. Pearson}{\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\dxfrtext142\dfrmtxtx142\dfrmtxty142\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Head, Scientific and Technical Department \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: je.pearson@oie.int \par \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s3\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \ab\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \b\fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Dr D. Sibartie \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s117\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 Deputy Head, Scientific and Technical Dept \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 E-mail: d.sibartie@oie.int \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0\afs18 \ltrch \fs18\lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid2171216 \par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\sbknone\linex0\headery567\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\srauth1\srdate-1503323221\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart {\*\oldsprops \margtsxn1418\binfsxn1\binsxn1\psz9\sbknone\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart }{\headerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar \tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \insrsid8783003 \par }}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \fi-425\li425\ri0\sa480\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 _____________ \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3613694 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\linex0\headery567\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\srauth1\srdate-1503323221\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart {\*\oldsprops \margtsxn1418\binfsxn1\binsxn1\psz9\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid12216287\sftnbj\sftnrestart }{\headerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqr\tx9639\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \insrsid8783003 \par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-281\li283\ri1\sb1\sa1\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp100 \tx283\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1\lin283\rtlgutter\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\fs16\cf1\cgrid0\insrsid8783003 \'a9\tab }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \b\f177\fs16\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\charscalex120\cgrid0\insrsid8783003 Office International des Epizooties (OIE) , 2002}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16\cgrid0\insrsid8783003 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s113\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch \fs24\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f177\fs16\lang6153\langfe1036\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\cgrid0\langnp6153\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 {\*\oldcprops \fs18\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 } This document has been prepared by specialists convened by the OIE. Pending adoption by the International Committee of the OIE, the views expressed herein can only be construed as those of these specialists. This document may not be reproduced or di stributed in any form without prior written authorisation from the OIE. However, it may be reproduced for authorised persons of recipient organisations.}{\rtlch \af0\afs16 \ltrch \f177\fs16\lang6153\langfe1036\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\langnp6153\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 {\*\oldcprops \fs18\crauth1\crdate-1503323214\insrsid8783003\charrsid12216287 } \par }}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s109\qj \li425\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx8080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin425\itap0\pararsid3613694 \rtlch \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch \fs20\lang1036\langfe1036\cgrid\langnp1036\langfenp1036 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \lang2057\langfe1036\langnp2057\insrsid12536290\charrsid4919035 \par }}